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" CONSEIL D'ETAT CONSEIL D'ETAT   By   SH. ABDUL HALIM       JUDGE IN OWN CAUSE   Nemo debet esse judex in propria causa.‑---(No one can be judge in his own cause). The maxim has been widely accepted as a rule of universal legal application, but a French experiment has put up a, successful challenge to the universality of this rule. In France the Executive acts as a judge in its own cause and in a manner inspiring the fullest confidence of the citizens. In the French system of Government, as in other systems also, the various wings of Government‑the Executive, the Judicial and the Legis lative‑have been given full independence and autonomy, but the French notion of such independence varies a great deal from that of other systems. In that country independence of each tier of Government means that each wing should be self‑contained and not liable to be interfered within its work ing by the other sections. The Executive is thus kept beyond the pale of the scrutiny of the Courts of law and is not amenable to their jurisdiction in respect of its administrative actions.   FRENCH EXECUTIVE UNDER GREATER CHECKS   But the Executive, as it would appear is not, in that country, allowed a free hand to exercise its discretion in an arbitrary manner and is the least autocratic of all other countries. It is, on the other hand, put under greater checks than in any other system and its administration is subjected to the sort of scrutiny which is perhaps unique in the history of advanced countries. This onerous and most responsible job is performed by a body of men gene rally recruited from amongst the ablest and most experienced civil servants of France, who form into a council known as the Conseil d'Etat.   It…