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" THE COMPETITION COMMISSION   THE COMPETITION COMMISSION ORDINANCE, 2007 -- A CRITICAL ANALYSIS   By   Amber Darr, Khozem Haidermota, Munib Akhtar, Karachi11     Table of Contents     I. Introduction 38 II. The New Regulator versus the Old 39 III. Scope of powers of the New Regulator 40   (a) Who does the Commission regulate? 40   (b) What does the Commission regulate? 42   (i) Regulating market position 42   (ii) Monitoring certain agreements 43   (iii) Preventing Deceptive Market Practices 44   (iv) Approving Mergers 44   (c) How does the Commission regulate? 46   (i) Enforcing the Ordinance 47   (ii) Imposing and recovering penalties 49   (iii) Making rules and regulations 50 IV. A Critique of the Ordinance 51   (a) The genesis of the Ordinance and the Pakistani Constitution 51   (i) The Promulgation of the Ordinance 51   (ii) The Content of the Ordinance and its Promulgation 52   (b) Circumventing the High Courts 54   (c) Overlapping powers: the Commission and Pakistani regulators 55   (i) The Commission and the State Bank of Pakistan 55   (ii) The Commission and PTA 56   (iii) The Commission and PEMRA 57   (iv) The Commission and the Registrar of Trademarks 57   (v) Impact of Overlapping Powers 58   (d) Unclear Concepts 58   (i) "Refusing to Deal" 59   (ii) "Dominant Position' 60   (iii) "Prohibited Agreements" 61   (iv) "Relevant Market" 62   (e) The Rigidity of pre-merger thresholds 63   (f) Other issues of concern 65   (i) Variation of penalties through executive action 65   (ii) A meaningless distinction between rules and regulations 65  …