"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"2015J8_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eISLAMIC LAW AND ADOPTION IN PAKISTAN\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003eDanish\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eOratier\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e2\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  \u003co:TotalTime\u003e162\u003c/o:TotalTime\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Created\u003e2015-10-28T08:06:00Z\u003c/o:Created\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastSaved\u003e2015-10-28T08:06:00Z\u003c/o:LastSaved\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Pages\u003e1\u003c/o:Pages\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Words\u003e2715\u003c/o:Words\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Characters\u003e15481\u003c/o:Characters\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Company\u003eHashmi\u003c/o:Company\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Lines\u003e129\u003c/o:Lines\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Paragraphs\u003e36\u003c/o:Paragraphs\u003e\r\n  \u003co:CharactersWithSpaces\u003e18160\u003c/o:CharactersWithSpaces\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Version\u003e11.5606\u003c/o:Version\u003e\r\n \u003c/o:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003cw:WordDocument\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:DoNotHyphenateCaps/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:PunctuationKerning/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:ValidateAgainstSchemas\u003efalse\u003c/w:ValidateAgainstSchemas\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:SaveIfXMLInvalid\u003efalse\u003c/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:IgnoreMixedContent\u003efalse\u003c/w:IgnoreMixedContent\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText\u003efalse\u003c/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:DoNotUnderlineInvalidXML/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:Compatibility\u003e\r\n   \u003cw:BreakWrappedTables/\u003e\r\n   \u003cw:SnapToGridInCell/\u003e\r\n   \u003cw:WrapTextWithPunct/\u003e\r\n   \u003cw:UseAsianBreakRules/\u003e\r\n   \u003cw:DontGrowAutofit/\u003e\r\n  \u003c/w:Compatibility\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:BrowserLevel\u003eMicrosoftInternetExplorer4\u003c/w:BrowserLevel\u003e\r\n \u003c/w:WordDocument\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003cw:LatentStyles DefLockedState=\"false\" LatentStyleCount=\"156\"\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"Normal\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"heading 1\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"heading 2\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"heading 3\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"heading 4\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"heading 5\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"heading 6\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"heading 7\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"heading 8\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"heading 9\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"toc 1\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"toc 2\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"toc 3\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"toc 4\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"toc 5\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"toc 6\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"toc 7\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"toc 8\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"toc 9\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"caption\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"Title\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"Subtitle\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"Strong\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"Emphasis\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:LsdException Locked=\"true\" Name=\"Table Grid\"/\u003e\r\n \u003c/w:LatentStyles\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n\u003c!--\r\n /* Font Definitions */\r\n @font-face\r\n\t{font-family:\"MS Mincho\";\r\n\tpanose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4;\r\n\tmso-font-alt:\" l r     \";\r\n\tmso-font-charset:128;\r\n\tmso-generic-font-family:roman;\r\n\tmso-font-format:other;\r\n\tmso-font-pitch:fixed;\r\n\tmso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}\r\n@font-face\r\n\t{font-family:Calibri;\r\n\tpanose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;\r\n\tmso-font-charset:0;\r\n\tmso-generic-font-family:swiss;\r\n\tmso-font-pitch:variable;\r\n\tmso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}\r\n@font-face\r\n\t{font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tpanose-1:2 2 4 4 3 3 1 1 8 3;\r\n\tmso-font-charset:0;\r\n\tmso-generic-font-family:roman;\r\n\tmso-font-pitch:variable;\r\n\tmso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}\r\n@font-face\r\n\t{font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\n\tpanose-1:2 5 6 4 5 5 5 2 2 4;\r\n\tmso-font-charset:0;\r\n\tmso-generic-font-family:roman;\r\n\tmso-font-pitch:variable;\r\n\tmso-font-signature:647 0 0 0 159 0;}\r\n@font-face\r\n\t{font-family:Cambria;\r\n\tpanose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;\r\n\tmso-font-charset:0;\r\n\tmso-generic-font-family:roman;\r\n\tmso-font-pitch:variable;\r\n\tmso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073741899 0 0 159 0;}\r\n@font-face\r\n\t{font-family:\"CG Times\";\r\n\tpanose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;\r\n\tmso-font-alt:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-font-charset:0;\r\n\tmso-generic-font-family:roman;\r\n\tmso-font-format:other;\r\n\tmso-font-pitch:variable;\r\n\tmso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}\r\n@font-face\r\n\t{font-family:\"\\@MS Mincho\";\r\n\tpanose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;\r\n\tmso-font-charset:128;\r\n\tmso-generic-font-family:roman;\r\n\tmso-font-format:other;\r\n\tmso-font-pitch:fixed;\r\n\tmso-font-signature:1 134676480 16 0 131072 0;}\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal\r\n\t{mso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmargin-top:0in;\r\n\tmargin-right:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:10.0pt;\r\n\tmargin-left:0in;\r\n\tline-height:115%;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;}\r\nh2\r\n\t{mso-style-locked:yes;\r\n\tmso-style-link:\"Heading 2 Char\";\r\n\tmso-style-next:Normal;\r\n\tmargin-top:12.0pt;\r\n\tmargin-right:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:3.0pt;\r\n\tmargin-left:0in;\r\n\tline-height:115%;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tpage-break-after:avoid;\r\n\tmso-outline-level:2;\r\n\tfont-size:14.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Arial;\r\n\tfont-style:italic;}\r\nspan.Heading2Char\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Heading 2 Char\";\r\n\tmso-style-noshow:yes;\r\n\tmso-style-locked:yes;\r\n\tmso-style-link:\"Heading 2\";\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:14.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Cambria;\r\n\tmso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;\r\n\tmso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tfont-weight:bold;\r\n\tfont-style:italic;}\r\np.Style14, li.Style14, div.Style14\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Style 14\";\r\n\tmargin:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tmso-layout-grid-align:none;\r\n\ttext-autospace:none;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;}\r\np.Style15, li.Style15, div.Style15\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Style 15\";\r\n\tmargin-top:12.6pt;\r\n\tmargin-right:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-align:justify;\r\n\ttext-indent:.5in;\r\n\tmso-pagination:none;\r\n\ttext-autospace:none;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;}\r\np.Style1, li.Style1, div.Style1\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Style 1\";\r\n\tmargin-top:.1in;\r\n\tmargin-right:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-align:center;\r\n\tmso-pagination:none;\r\n\ttext-autospace:none;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;}\r\np.Style16, li.Style16, div.Style16\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Style 16\";\r\n\tmargin:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tmso-layout-grid-align:none;\r\n\ttext-autospace:none;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;}\r\np.Style10, li.Style10, div.Style10\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Style 10\";\r\n\tmargin-top:.1in;\r\n\tmargin-right:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:.05in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-align:justify;\r\n\ttext-indent:.5in;\r\n\tline-height:91%;\r\n\tmso-pagination:none;\r\n\ttext-autospace:none;\r\n\tfont-size:11.5pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;}\r\np.Style2, li.Style2, div.Style2\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Style 2\";\r\n\tmargin-top:9.0pt;\r\n\tmargin-right:.3in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:.05in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-align:justify;\r\n\ttext-indent:.25in;\r\n\tmso-pagination:none;\r\n\ttext-autospace:none;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;}\r\np.Style8, li.Style8, div.Style8\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Style 8\";\r\n\tmargin-top:9.0pt;\r\n\tmargin-right:.1in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:.05in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-align:justify;\r\n\ttext-indent:.5in;\r\n\tmso-pagination:none;\r\n\ttext-autospace:none;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;}\r\np.Style12, li.Style12, div.Style12\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Style 12\";\r\n\tmargin-top:.1in;\r\n\tmargin-right:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:.55in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.3in;\r\n\tmso-pagination:none;\r\n\ttext-autospace:none;\r\n\tfont-size:10.5pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;\r\n\tfont-style:italic;}\r\np.Style13, li.Style13, div.Style13\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Style 13\";\r\n\tmargin-top:.1in;\r\n\tmargin-right:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-align:justify;\r\n\ttext-indent:.45in;\r\n\tmso-pagination:none;\r\n\ttext-autospace:none;\r\n\tfont-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;}\r\np.Style17, li.Style17, div.Style17\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Style 17\";\r\n\tmargin-top:0in;\r\n\tmargin-right:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:.5in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:none;\r\n\ttext-autospace:none;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;}\r\nspan.CharacterStyle1\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Character Style 1\";\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;}\r\nspan.CharacterStyle3\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Character Style 3\";\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:11.5pt;}\r\nspan.CharacterStyle4\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Character Style 4\";\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;}\r\nspan.CharacterStyle7\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Character Style 7\";\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:10.5pt;\r\n\tfont-style:italic;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-style:normal;}\r\nspan.CharacterStyle10\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Character Style 10\";\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;}\r\np.ListParagraph, li.ListParagraph, div.ListParagraph\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"List Paragraph\";\r\n\tmargin-top:0in;\r\n\tmargin-right:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:10.0pt;\r\n\tmargin-left:.5in;\r\n\tline-height:115%;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;}\r\np.AltDCenter, li.AltDCenter, div.AltDCenter\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Alt+D Center\";\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"Heading 2\";\r\n\tmargin-top:0in;\r\n\tmargin-right:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.1in;\r\n\tmargin-left:0in;\r\n\ttext-align:center;\r\n\tmso-pagination:none;\r\n\tpage-break-after:avoid;\r\n\tmso-outline-level:2;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"CG Times\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"CG Times\";\r\n\tletter-spacing:.2pt;}\r\np.AltK, li.AltK, div.AltK\r\n\t{mso-style-name:Alt+K;\r\n\tmargin-top:0in;\r\n\tmargin-right:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.1in;\r\n\tmargin-left:0in;\r\n\ttext-align:justify;\r\n\ttext-indent:.2in;\r\n\tmso-pagination:none;\r\n\tpage-break-after:avoid;\r\n\ttab-stops:.5in;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"CG Times\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"MS Mincho\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"CG Times\";\r\n\tletter-spacing:.2pt;}\r\n@page Section1\r\n\t{size:7.0in 11.0in;\r\n\tmargin:.5in .5in .5in .5in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n /* List Definitions */\r\n @list l0\r\n\t{mso-list-id:313573;\r\n\tmso-list-type:simple;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:38415115;}\r\n@list l0:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-text:\"\\(%1\\)\";\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:.3in;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\tmargin-left:.55in;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.3in;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:10.5pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tletter-spacing:.35pt;\r\n\tlayout-grid-mode:both;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-style:italic;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-style:italic;}\r\n@list l1\r\n\t{mso-list-id:15126249;\r\n\tmso-list-type:simple;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:1880171760;}\r\n@list l1:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:.2in;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:0in;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tmso-ascii-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-hansi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tletter-spacing:.8pt;\r\n\tlayout-grid-mode:both;}\r\n@list l2\r\n\t{mso-list-id:35951413;\r\n\tmso-list-type:simple;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:1678790508;}\r\n@list l2:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:.3in;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\tmargin-left:.05in;\r\n\ttext-indent:.25in;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tletter-spacing:.9pt;\r\n\tlayout-grid-mode:both;}\r\n@list l3\r\n\t{mso-list-id:49345704;\r\n\tmso-list-type:simple;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:1827412423;}\r\n@list l3:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-start-at:2;\r\n\tmso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-text:\"\\(%1\\)\";\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:.3in;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.3in;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tmso-ascii-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-hansi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tletter-spacing:.6pt;\r\n\tlayout-grid-mode:both;}\r\n@list l4\r\n\t{mso-list-id:57774214;\r\n\tmso-list-type:simple;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:2138273180;}\r\n@list l4:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-text:\"\\(%1\\)\";\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:.3in;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\tmargin-left:.55in;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.3in;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:11.5pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:11.5pt;\r\n\tmso-ascii-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-hansi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tletter-spacing:-.05pt;\r\n\tlayout-grid-mode:both;}\r\n@list l5\r\n\t{mso-list-id:75888990;\r\n\tmso-list-type:simple;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:1818429297;}\r\n@list l5:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-start-at:3;\r\n\tmso-level-number-format:alpha-upper;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:.15in;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\tmargin-left:.55in;\r\n\ttext-indent:0in;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tlayout-grid-mode:both;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-weight:bold;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}\r\n@list l6\r\n\t{mso-list-id:96565507;\r\n\tmso-list-type:simple;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:237743379;}\r\n@list l6:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:.3in;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\tmargin-left:.35in;\r\n\ttext-indent:0in;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tmso-ascii-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-hansi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tletter-spacing:-.3pt;\r\n\tlayout-grid-mode:both;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-weight:bold;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-weight:bold;\r\n\ttext-decoration:underline;\r\n\ttext-underline:single;}\r\n@list l7\r\n\t{mso-list-id:113796188;\r\n\tmso-list-type:simple;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:1340543356;}\r\n@list l7:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-start-at:2;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:.5in;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\tmargin-left:0in;\r\n\ttext-indent:0in;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:8.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tletter-spacing:4.1pt;\r\n\tlayout-grid-mode:both;}\r\n@list l8\r\n\t{mso-list-id:118754422;\r\n\tmso-list-type:simple;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:1555353790;}\r\n@list l8:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-start-at:5;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:.3in;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\tmargin-left:.25in;\r\n\ttext-indent:0in;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:9.5pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt;\r\n\tmso-ascii-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\n\tmso-hansi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\n\tletter-spacing:-.2pt;\r\n\tlayout-grid-mode:both;\r\n\ttext-decoration:underline;\r\n\ttext-underline:single;}\r\n@list l9\r\n\t{mso-list-id:123702259;\r\n\tmso-list-type:simple;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:1354949713;}\r\n@list l9:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-start-at:3;\r\n\tmso-level-number-format:alpha-upper;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:.2in;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\tmargin-left:.55in;\r\n\ttext-indent:0in;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tmso-ascii-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-hansi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tletter-spacing:.1pt;\r\n\tlayout-grid-mode:both;}\r\n@list l10\r\n\t{mso-list-id:463622597;\r\n\tmso-list-type:hybrid;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:1912125562 948588450 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}\r\n@list l10:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-text:\"\\(%1\\)\";\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l10:level2\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l10:level3\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l10:level4\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l10:level5\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l10:level6\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l10:level7\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l10:level8\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l10:level9\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l11\r\n\t{mso-list-id:1210073580;\r\n\tmso-list-type:hybrid;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:-1104871840 67698709 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}\r\n@list l11:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-upper;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l11:level2\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l11:level3\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l11:level4\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l11:level5\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l11:level6\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l11:level7\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l11:level8\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l11:level9\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l12\r\n\t{mso-list-id:1644694737;\r\n\tmso-list-type:hybrid;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:-881542724 1509485444 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}\r\n@list l12:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\tmargin-left:.75in;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.5in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l12:level2\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l12:level3\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l12:level4\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l12:level5\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l12:level6\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l12:level7\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l12:level8\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l12:level9\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l13\r\n\t{mso-list-id:1881630639;\r\n\tmso-list-type:hybrid;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:-1092308678 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}\r\n@list l13:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l13:level2\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l13:level3\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l13:level4\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l13:level5\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l13:level6\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l13:level7\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l13:level8\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l13:level9\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l14\r\n\t{mso-list-id:2127848580;\r\n\tmso-list-type:hybrid;\r\n\tmso-list-template-ids:1603071040 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;}\r\n@list l14:level1\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l14:level2\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l14:level3\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l14:level4\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l14:level5\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l14:level6\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l14:level7\r\n\t{mso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l14:level8\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\ttext-indent:-.25in;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l14:level9\r\n\t{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:none;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:right;\r\n\ttext-indent:-9.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@list l6:level1 lfo2\r\n\t{mso-level-start-at:0;\r\n\tmso-level-numbering:continue;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:.25in;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\tmargin-left:.35in;\r\n\ttext-indent:0in;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tmso-ascii-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-hansi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tletter-spacing:-.05pt;\r\n\tlayout-grid-mode:both;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-weight:bold;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-weight:bold;\r\n\ttext-decoration:underline;\r\n\ttext-underline:single;}\r\n@list l8:level1 lfo4\r\n\t{mso-level-start-at:0;\r\n\tmso-level-numbering:continue;\r\n\tmso-level-tab-stop:.3in;\r\n\tmso-level-number-position:left;\r\n\tmargin-left:.25in;\r\n\ttext-indent:0in;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;\r\n\tmso-ascii-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-hansi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Garamond;\r\n\tletter-spacing:-.15pt;\r\n\tlayout-grid-mode:both;\r\n\tmso-ansi-font-weight:bold;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-weight:bold;\r\n\ttext-decoration:underline;\r\n\ttext-underline:single;}\r\nol\r\n\t{margin-bottom:0in;}\r\nul\r\n\t{margin-bottom:0in;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 10]\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n table.MsoNormalTable\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\";\r\n\tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-style-noshow:yes;\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\r\n\tmso-para-margin:0in;\r\n\tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-ansi-language:#0400;\r\n\tmso-fareast-language:#0400;\r\n\tmso-bidi-language:#0400;}\r\ntable.MsoTableGrid\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Table Grid\";\r\n\tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0;\r\n\tborder:solid black 1.0pt;\r\n\tmso-border-alt:solid black .5pt;\r\n\tmso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\r\n\tmso-border-insideh:.5pt solid black;\r\n\tmso-border-insidev:.5pt solid black;\r\n\tmso-para-margin:0in;\r\n\tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:Calibri;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;}\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003c/head\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003eISLAMIC\r\nLAW AND ADOPTION IN PAKISTAN\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003eBy\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003eZafar\r\nlqbal Kalanauri\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003eAdvocate\r\nSupreme Court of Pakistan\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eMuslims are\r\npermitted to look after and provide for children \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:\r\n12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.65pt\u0027\u003ewho\r\nare not their own, however the adoption of these children is \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eprohibited. In Western countries, where adoption is\r\ncommon practice, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003ethe adopted babies or\r\nchildren take the name of the family that adopts \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:\r\n12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003ethem.\r\nThe majority of these children have no contact with their real \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eparents and do not know who they are. They may,\r\nunknowingly, come \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003einto contact with their\r\nbirth families and, in some cases, can end up \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:\r\n12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003emarrying\r\na sibling because they are unaware of their true heritage.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIslam\r\nprevents this problem by placing great significance on the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003ename of a child and thus ensuring that lineage is\r\ntraceable. Names are \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eimportant in Islam as many\r\nlaws relate to blood relationships; these include marriage, custody and\r\ninheritance, among others. This is also \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eone of the\r\nreasons why some women keep their names after marriage, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eunlike their Western counterparts.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eThus, the\r\nrelationship between guardian and child is more of a \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003efoster relationship, where the adults do not replace the\r\nbiological family \u0027 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003ebut perform an extremely\r\nvalued role in looking after a child who will \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:\r\n12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003ealways\r\nbelong to someone else. The child who is raised by \u0026quot;parents\u0026quot; \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003ewho are not blood relations is not permitted to inherit\r\nfrom them; \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003ehowever he or she may marry\r\n\u0026quot;relatives\u0026quot; created by this bond. Even if a \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003echild has been abandoned and its father is not known, he\r\nor she may not \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003ebe named after the family\r\nthat takes him or her in.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThe Holy Quran clearly states:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;Nor has He made your adopted sons your (biological)\r\nsons. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eSuch is (only) your (manner oj) speech by your mouths.\r\nBut \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eAllah tells (you) the 7\u0027ruth, and He shows the (right) Way.\r\nCall \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003ethem by (the names of their fathers; that is juster in\r\nthe sight of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eAllah. But if you know not their\r\nfather\u0027s (names, call them) your \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003ebrothers\r\nin faith, or your trustees. But there is no blame on you \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eif you make a mistake therein. (What counts is) the\r\nintention of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eyour hearts. And Allah is Oft-Returning,\r\nMost Merciful. \u0026quot; \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003e[Qur\u0027an 33:4-5J\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eHowever, if\r\none wants to raise, educate and treat an orphan or \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003ean abandoned child as one\u0027s own, without giving him or her\r\nthe rights \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003ereserved for natural children, Islam\r\nregards this as a meritorious and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003ecommendable\r\nact. There are many Quranic revelations that advocate the care of orphans,\r\nleaving one in no doubt of the merits of such a deed:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;They ask thee concerning orphans. Say: \u0027The best\r\nthing to do is \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003ewhat is for their good; if ye mix their affairs\r\nwith yours, they are \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eyour brethren; \u0026quot; (Quran\r\n2:220). Also see Quran 4:2, 6, 10, \u003c/span\u003e127; 17:34.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eHence,\r\naccording to Islamic law, adopting a child essentially \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eentails treating him/her as one\u0027s own and offering them\r\nlove, protection, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003efood, clothing and\r\neducation, but without changing the child\u0027s lineal \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eidentity and denying parenthood to the natural parents.\r\nThe adopted child \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ecannot partake in\r\ninheritance of the adoptee parents, just as the adoptee \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eparents cannot inherit the property of the adopted. They\r\ncan marry their \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003efoster siblings as they\r\nremain \u0027Na-Mehram\u0027 for the foster family. It is \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:\r\n12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003ealso\r\npermissible for a foster father to marry the divorced wife of an \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eadopted son (Quran 33:37-40).\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eHe or she\r\ncan inherit property from their natural parents and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003etheir rights will subsist even after adoption by the other\r\nfamily. The adopter, can however, make out a will bequeathing one-third of\r\ntheir estate to the adopted child, as indeed to any stranger. They can also, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eduring their lifetime, gift property to their adopted\r\nchild. However, the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eextended Muslim family is\r\nusually very large in size and it is rare that an \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eorphaned child cannot be looked after within the family.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eThere are\r\noften misconceptions about the role of adoption in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eIslam. The fact is that the Islamic form of \u0027adoption\u0027 is\r\ncalled \u0027Kafala\u0027, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003ewhich literally means\r\nsponsorship, but comes from the root word \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003emeaning \u0027to\r\nfeed\u0027. It is best translated as \u0027foster parenting\u0027 \u0027Kafala\u0027, or \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003elegal fostering, is the promise to undertake without\r\npayment the upkeep, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eeducation and protection of\r\na minor, in the same way as a father would do for his son. \u0027Kafala\u0027 is an\r\nArabic legal term for a formal pledge to support and care for a specific\r\norphaned or abandoned child until he or \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eshe reaches\r\nmajority. A form of unilateral contract, it is used in various \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eIslamic nations to assure protection for such minors, as\r\nthese nations \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003egenerally do not legally recognize the\r\nconcept of adoption.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eIt is very\r\nmuch encouraged in Islam to look after the orphan and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003ethere are many authentic hadiths [sayings and action of\r\nthe Prophet \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e(P. B. U. II.)] on the subject. There is\r\na great blessing and reward in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:\r\n115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003etaking care of,\r\norphans. In the Qur\u0027an the Believers are urged again and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eagain to take care of the orphans. The Prophet (PBUH)\r\nsaid, \u0026quot;I and the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eguardian of an orphan will\r\nbe in Paradise or Jannah like these two \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003efingers\r\nand he joined his two fingers.\u0026quot; (Al-Bukhari)\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nProphet (P.B. U.H.) said, \u0026quot;The best house of Muslims is one \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003ewhere\r\nan orphan is cared for.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.8pt\u0027\u003eAnother.\r\nHadith states that, \u0026quot;Jannah is Farz or Wajib \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e(obligatory) on the one who cares for an orphan.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eIn another\r\nHadith the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) mentioned that, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:\r\n12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;When\r\na person puts his hand of compassion on the head of an orphan, for every hair\r\n(that his hand touches) of that orphan he will receive a \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003eblessing\r\nfrom Allah.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIn many\r\npassages The Holy Quran also encourages looking after the poor and the orphans:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;They ask you what they should spend. Say: whatever\r\nyou spend \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eof good must be for parents and kindred\r\nand orphans and the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003epoor who beg and the\r\nwayfarers, and whatever you do of good \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003edeeds,\r\ntruly Allah knows it well.\u0026quot; (2:215)\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003ePakistan\u0027s\r\nlegal system is based on the \u0027Shariah\u0027, which does \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003enot recognise adoption in the legal sense that is, to\r\nestablish a parent-\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003echild relationship between\r\nindividuals who are not related by blood. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003eConsequently,\r\nthere is no statutory provision for adoption in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:\r\n12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003ePakistan.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eAdoption\r\nis not governed by any law in Pakistan/Islam. It does \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003enot mean that adoption is literally prohibited in\r\nPakistan. Children in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eespecial circumstances are\r\nplaced under the guardianship of their near \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003erelatives\r\nor suitable person appointed by Court. In that case the children do not\r\nautomatically adopt the parentage of their guardians. They will \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003elegally enjoy all social and economic rights except for\r\ninheritance of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eproperty from their\r\nguardian.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\nPakistan, \u0027Kafala\u0027 defines a system of alternative care that \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003ecould be considered a form of customary adoption. It provides\r\na model \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eof alternative care that - unlike legal adoption -\r\npreserves the blood ties \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003ebetween the child and its\r\nbiological parents - an acceptable practice \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eunder\r\nIslam. Under \u0027Kafala\u0027, children are placed under the guardianship \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eof an individual - always the male in the case of a\r\nmarried couple - \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003ethrough either an informal\r\nor formal arrangement:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eIn Islam\r\nwhat can be termed adoption is at best an alternative \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003ecare arrangement for a child whose parents have died or\r\nare unable to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eprovide the necessary physical care,\r\nlove and protection. Such children \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eare then\r\ncared for by a set of parents or guardians who act as caregivers \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003ewith the consent, whether written or verbal, from the\r\nnatural parents or next of kin. Natural parents do not give up their parental\r\nrights. Instead, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eby mutual agreement, they\r\nmake care arrangements with others for the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eupbringing\r\nof their child.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003eImportantly,\r\nunder \u0027Kafala\u0027, adopted children have no \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003einheritance\r\nrights and typically do not take on the family surname. This \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eis due to the primacy Islam places on family\r\nrelationships, parentage and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:\r\n115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003elineage. However,\r\nadoptive parents may bequeath property rights on \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:\r\n12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003etheir\r\nadopted children.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003e\u0027Kafala\u0027\r\nappears to take place without the state involvement in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003ecertain circumstances, for example between members of an\r\nextended \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003efamily. By far the majority of\r\nadoptions in Islamic states take the form of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:\r\n12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003einformal,\r\nlong-term, first party, dare arrangements (or Kafala) within the child\u0027s\r\nextended family and, as there are no placement rights as such, the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eparties are essentially left to their own devices. In\r\nthird party domestic \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eadoptions, where all rights\r\nin respect of the orphan or abandoned child \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eare vested\r\nin the designated government agency, the placement procedure \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eis controlled by that agency.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e\u0027Kafala\u0027 is\r\nalso a practice that has UN recognition under the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eConvention on the Rights of the Child, to which Pakistan\r\nis a signatory:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003eUN Convention on the Rights of the Child. \u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003eArticle\r\n20\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003e1. A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or\r\nter \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003efamily environment, or in whose own best interests cannot\r\nbe \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eallowed to remain in that environment, shall be entitled\r\nto \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003especial\r\nprotection and assistance provided by the State.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e2 States Parties shall in accordance with their national\r\nlaws \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003eensure\r\nalternative care for such a child.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e3. Such care could include, inter alia, foster placement,\r\nkafala \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eof Islamic law, adoption or if necessary placement in\r\nsuitable \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003einstitutions for the care of children. When considering\r\nsolutions, \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003edue regard shall be paid to the\r\ndesirability of continuity in a \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003echild\u0027s\r\nupbringing and to the child\u0027s ethnic, religious, cultural \u003c/span\u003eand linguistic\r\nbackground.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eThe Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 is relevant to\r\ncustomary \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eadoption in that it formalises the\r\nguardian- ward relationship. Under the I Act, the relevant district court can\r\nissue a guardianship order:\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:\r\n115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003eGuardians\r\nand Wards Act, 1890\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eSection 7. Power of the court to make order as to\r\nguardianship\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e(1) Where the court is satisfied that it is for the\r\nwelfare of a minor \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003ethat an order should be made\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:1.0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003e(a) appointing a guardian of his person or property, or\r\nboth, or\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:1.0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003e(b) declaring a person to be such a guardian, the court\r\nmay make I \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003ean order accordingly.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eThe Act\r\nenables an individual to obtain legal guardianship of a \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003echild (a practice consistent with \u0027Kafala\u0027 but not\r\nmandatory). \u0027Kafala\u0027 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003ecan be done in conjunction\r\nwith the state, but this is probably more \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ecommon when\r\nan orphanage or third party is involved.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eTo obtain\r\nlegal guardianship, an application must be submitted \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eto the relevant district court for consideration.\r\nGenerally, domestic \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eadoption arrangements in\r\nPakistan proceed with a minimum of formality. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:\r\n12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\nPakistan, applicants may seek a guardianship order in respect of an \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eorphan, as a first step, will be assessed by Government\r\nofficials known \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eas Deputy Commissioner. The\r\nassessment will take the form of a home study report accompanied by the usual\r\nreferences and an assessment of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003etheir\r\neligibility and suitability to provide a home environment likely to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003esafeguard the welfare of the child concerned. If approved,\r\nthe child will \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003ethen be transferred from an\r\norphanage to their care and they will be \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003evested with\r\ncustody and guardianship rights. If the child\u0027s parents are known to the\r\nauthorities, and ,the applicants wish to \u0027adopt\u0027, then they will have to enter\r\ninto an irrevocable, bilateral, intra-familial agreement \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ein writing in which the birth parentig clearly waive any\r\nright to reclaim their child.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eDespite\r\nthe availability of this process, the practice of `Kafala\u0027 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003edoes not appear to stipulate a requirement to legalise\r\nguardianship. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eMoreover in Pakistan, most domestic\r\nadoptions are first party informal \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ecare\r\narrangements or \u0027Kafala\u0027 and are not necessarily endorsed by court \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003eorders.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eA guardian\r\ncan be a de facto or a de jure one Legal guardians \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eand those appointed by the court are de jure guardians. A\r\nfather is the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.75pt\u0027\u003enatural guardian of a child under the\r\nage of 18 years under the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:\r\n115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eGuardians and Wards\r\nAct, 1890. As opposed to a de jure guardian, a \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:\r\n12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eperson,\r\nlike the mother, brother, uncle, other relations except father and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003efather\u0027s father, or an institution like an orphanage, may\r\nvoluntarily place himself or herself in charge of the person or property of the\r\nminor; a mother, however if the next possibl guardian after a father, unless\r\nthe latter, by his will, has appointed another person as the guardian of the\r\nchild. she under certain circumstances can appoint a guardian by will. She can\r\ndo so during the lifetime of her husband if he is incapable of acting; or after\r\nhis death. A de facto guardian, as opposed to a de jure guardian, is merely a\r\ncustodian of the person and property of the minor.\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003eConsequently,\r\nall \u0027adoptions\u0027 are formalised in Pakistan. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eFostering,\r\nin theory, is positively encouraged because it does not involve \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eany transfer of parental rights nor does it obscure a\r\nchild\u0027s identity. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eIndeed, there is always the\r\npossibility of such children being fostered by non-relatives. Childless couples\r\n(even foreign Muslim childless couples) \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003emay take in a child from an\r\norphanage, or a \u0027spare\u0027 child from a large \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003efamily,\r\nand then later, in another country, may adopt that child. In Pakistan, for\r\nexample, as long as the child is to be brought up as a \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003eMuslim, the courts will agree to such arrangements\r\nand will give \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003epermission for the child\r\nto be taken abroad. Although in this case, the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.4pt\u0027\u003eadoptive parents are related, large families do give up \u0027spare\u0027 children \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003efor overseas \u0027adoption and the Pakistan courts\r\nhave agreed to such \u003c/span\u003earrangement.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\nPakistan adoption is covered by the personal laws of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003edifferent religious communities. In the case of Muslims,\r\nadoption is not \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eprohibited, but is not\r\nrecognized in the law. Only natural born children \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003ehave\r\nthe right to inheritance. Therefore, if a child was adopted he/she \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003ewould not have the same rights. Muslims in\r\nPakistan use the Guardian \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eand Wards\r\nAct, 1890, to obtain legal guardianship of a child. This \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003ecreates a right of the child to be maintained and\r\ncared for by the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eguardian, but still\r\ndoes not create the right to inherit.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eAs stated\r\nabove, there is no law formally allowing adoption for \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eMuslims. Laws that allow adoption for other communities,\r\ne.g. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eChristians and Hindus, would be governed by the principle\r\nof best \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003einterest of the child, whether male or female.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eWhile\r\nthere is no law related to adoption for Muslims, adoptions \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eare not uncommon. There is no rule that prescribes that\r\nonly a certain \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003ecategory of children may be\r\nadopted. The general practice amongst Muslims who wish to adopt a child, is to\r\napproach the guardian court \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:\r\n115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003eand obtain guardianship of a child after\r\nsatisfying the court that it is in the interest of the minor. If the child is\r\nan orphan, the procedure would \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003ebe simpler. If\r\nthe child has a parent or parents they would have to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003esupport the application and endorse the claim of\r\nthe prospective guardian \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ethat the\r\nwelfare of the child can be better looked after by the applicant. \u003c/span\u003eThere\r\nis no prescribed category of children for whom guardianship can \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003ebe taken. There are guidelines in the law,\r\nhowever, that consider th \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.75pt\u0027\u003ereligion of\r\nthe child and the prospective guardian as a factor in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.65pt\u0027\u003edetermining the welfare of the child. The general\r\ntrend of judici \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003ethought is that the\r\nchild must be reared in her/his religion of birth \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eknown. There is a principle of Islamic law that if\r\nthe religion of the child \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eis not\r\nknown, and the child is a foundling, she/he takes the religion of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.65pt\u0027\u003ethe person who finds the child. For instance, if a\r\nchild is born in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003ehospital run by a\r\nChristian charity and the mother abandons the child, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003ethe child will be presumed to be a Christian. If\r\nfound in a locality by and large inhabited by Muslims the child will be\r\npresumed to be a Muslim.\u003c/span\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003eAlternative care [for abandoned\r\nand/or illegitimate children], \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eprovided by\r\nthe state and private sector is grossly inadequate and very \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003epoor. There is a great deal of concern regarding\r\ntreatment of children in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.75pt\u0027\u003einstitutions.\r\nGenerally there is neglect, abuse and exploitation. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eAbandoned children usually end up on the streets,\r\nonly a few would b institutionalized. Even those who are have dim prospects of\r\ndevelopmen \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eor advancement. There are\r\nbiases and prejudices against these children, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.35pt\u0027\u003ewhich institutions have done little to eliminate. Children often do not\r\nreceive the kind of care which would instil confidence in them or give \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003ethem a sense of security. Social bias against\r\nillegitimate children is even \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003ehigher.\r\nEven in adoption, there is a clear bias against illegitimate children and\r\ndisabled children. There are two major and respected \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eadoption facilities in Karachi-Kashana-i-Atfal\u0027s\r\nNaunihal Baby Centre \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eand the Bilquis\r\nEdhi Foundation. If Lahore there is SOS Children\u0027s \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eVillage of Pakistan.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eAs I said\r\nearlier, adoption, though not prohibited, is socially \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ediscouraged. Attitudinal biases against adopted children\r\nare very evident, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003eand any attempts to give the right of\r\ninheritance to such children have \u0027 \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003ebeen\r\nresisted by tile religious establishment. Childlessness can be an agony for\r\ncouples who are not able to have a baby for one reason or another. Many feel\r\nthat life is incomplete for them if their homes lack \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003ethe sights and sounds which only the presence of a\r\nchild can bring. So it \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eis not\r\nsurprising when many married couples go for the next best option. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eThey adopt a child. But the wait can sometimes be a\r\nlong one as there \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eare not many babies\r\navailable for adoption, and also because the rules set by the adoption\r\nfacilities follow a strict procedure.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eThe above\r\ncited explicit Islamic code explains the lack of solid \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003elegislation in the existing laws regarding adoption in\r\nPakistan. However, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;\r\nfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003etransfer of custody of a\r\nchild is allowed by courts of law under the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;\r\nline-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eGuardians\r\nand Wards Act of 1890 to private individuals, humanitarian and welfare\r\norganizations, orphanages, etc. Some of these institutions \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nletter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eraise orphans and deserted children themselves, while\r\nothers make \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:\r\n\"Times New Roman\";letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eplacements in suitable foster homes.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=AltK style=\u0027margin-top:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;\r\nmargin-left:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:12.0pt;font-family:\"Times New Roman\"\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eIt is unclear as to whether an adopted\r\nchild has maintenance rights or not. However, the rule of equity is likely to\r\ntilt in favour of the right to maintenance, as long as the person remains\r\nadopted. The other question that sometimes arises is whether adoption can be\r\nannulled by the adoptee parents. Again, equity would demand that once a person\r\nis called \u003ci\u003e\u0027daughter\u0027\u003c/i\u003e or \u003ci\u003e\u0027son\u0027,\u003c/i\u003e that person should remain in the\r\ncustody, protection and guardianship of the foster parents irrespective of\r\nwhims, fancies, change of mood or minor altercations and bad behaviour.\r\nHowever, irreprehensible behaviour entitles the father to disown even his real child,\r\nand that would apply to an adopted child as well.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"