"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns:st1=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"2012J28_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eIMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY FORALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN PAKISTAN\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"place\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"country-region\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"City\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"PlaceType\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"PlaceName\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"State\"/\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003eAdil Hafeez\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eAdil Hafeez\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e2\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  \u003co:TotalTime\u003e0\u003c/o:TotalTime\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Created\u003e2013-01-24T14:34:00Z\u003c/o:Created\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastSaved\u003e2013-01-24T14:34:00Z\u003c/o:LastSaved\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Pages\u003e1\u003c/o:Pages\u003e\r\n  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5.4pt;\r\n\tmso-para-margin:0in;\r\n\tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-ansi-language:#0400;\r\n\tmso-fareast-language:#0400;\r\n\tmso-bidi-language:#0400;}\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003c/head\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eIMPLEMENTATION\r\nSTRATEGY FORALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003ePAKISTAN\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eBy\u003cbr\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-special-character:line-break\u0027\u003e\r\n\u003c![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]\u003e\u003cbr style=\u0027mso-special-character:line-break\u0027\u003e\r\n\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eMian Zafar Iqbal\r\nKalanauri\u003cbr\u003e\r\nAdvocate Supreme Court of Pakistan\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eDiscourage\r\nLitigation. Persuade neighbors to compromise whenever you can. Point out to\r\nthem how the nominal winner is often the real loser   in fees, expenses and a\r\nwaste of time. As a peacemaker the lawyer has a superior opportunity of\r\nbecoming a good man.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:4.0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAbraham Lincoln\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:4.0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003eNotes for a law\r\nlecture\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:4.0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003eJuly 1, 1850\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eMediation\r\nin the international context is a relatively recent phenomenon. As an\r\nAlternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanism, third-party neutral mediation\r\nis firmly entrenched in the legal ethos and procedural rules of most common law\r\njurisdictions; such as the \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eUnited Kingdom\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e,\r\nthe \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eUnited States\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e and \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eCanada\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e. However,\r\nin the rest of the world, including many European, Latin American and Asian\r\nnations with civil law traditions, mediation remains an elusive concept.\r\nNevertheless, the last half of the 20th century Chas laid witness to increasing\r\nregional economic integration and globalization trends. Domestic and\r\ninternational efforts at harmonization and unification,\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:\r\nftn1\u0027 href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\r\nparticularly under the auspices of the United Nations Commission on\r\nInternational Trade (UNCITRAL)\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn2\u0027 href=\"#_ftn2\"\r\nname=\"_ftnref2\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e and the\r\nHague Conference on Private International Law\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn3\u0027\r\nhref=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\r\nhave resulted in bilateral and multilateral treaties\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eand\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003econventions\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eareas\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eof\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eprivate international law (PRIV-IL) and\r\npublic international law (PUB-IL), giving rise to a modern lex mercatoria.\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn4\u0027 href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e Parallel developments in international\r\narbitration (the New York Conventions\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn5\u0027\r\nhref=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\r\nand the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Arbitration\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:\r\nftn6\u0027 href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eand\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003einternational\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003etrade\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003elaw\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003e(The\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eUnited Nations\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eConvention\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eon\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eContracts\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003efor\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eInternational \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e_____________________\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eBruno Zeller, CISG AND the\r\nUnification of International Trade Law (Abingdon, Oxon [\u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eEngland\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e]; \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003eNew\r\n  York\u003c/st1:City\u003e, \u003cst1:State w:st=\"on\"\u003eNY\u003c/st1:State\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e:\r\nRoutledge-Cavendish, 2007).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eSee the UNCITRAL website: \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://vvww.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/index.html\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/index.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eSee the Hague Conference on\r\nPrivate International Law website: \u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"http://wvvw.hcchmet/index\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.hcchnet/index\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\r\nen.php\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eSee Bernard Audit, \u0026quot;The\r\nVienna Sales Convention and the Lex Mercatoria\u0026quot; in LEX MERCATORIA AND\r\nARBITRATION, Thomas E. Carbonneau ed., rev. ed. [reprint of a chapter of the\r\n1990 edition of this text], (Juris Publishing 1998) Chap. 11, \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/audit.html\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/audit.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eUnited Nations Convention on the\r\nRecognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, concluded at \u003cst1:State\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eNew York\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:State\u003e, June 10, 1958,\r\n21 U.S.T. 2517, T.I.A.S. No 6997, 330 U.N.T.S. 38 available at:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.uncitraLorg/uncitral/en/uncitrCal_texts/arbitration/NYConvention,html\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitrcal_texts/arbitration/NYConvention.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eFor the text and explanatory\r\nmaterials on the UNCITRAL Model on International Commercial Arbitration, United\r\nNations Document A/40/17, annex I (as adopted by the United Nations Commission\r\non International Trade Law on 21 June 1985 \u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://wwwuncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/mharb/06-54671_Ebook.pdf\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/mlarb/06-54671_Ebook.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\r\nand as incorporated in Ontario by the \u0026lt;International Commercial Arbitration\r\nAct, R.S.O. 1990, c. 1.9\u0026gt; (as am.).[ICCA]\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eSale\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e of Goods (CISG)\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:\r\nftn7\u0027 href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e,\r\nreflect this trend towards harmonization, if not, unification, of international\r\ntrade law.\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn8\u0027 href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e While many international arbitral\r\norganizations have a distinguished and lengthy pedigree,\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:\r\nftn9\u0027 href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\r\nothers, like the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes\r\n(ICSID)\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn10\u0027 href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e or the World Intellectual Property\r\nOrganization (WIPO),\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn11\u0027 href=\"#_ftn11\"\r\nname=\"_ftnref11\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e albeit\r\nmore recently created, also enjoy strong reputations.\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:\r\nftn12\u0027 href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e In most cases, these national and\r\ninternational dispute resolution institutions offer mediation procedures and\r\npools of qualified mediators.\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn13\u0027 href=\"#_ftn13\"\r\nname=\"_ftnref13\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eADR\r\nhas been used in Indian Sub-continent\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn14\u0027\r\nhref=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\r\nIt not a new concept and historically recognised. In ancient \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eIndia\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e there\r\nwere three types of popular courts, Puga (local courts), \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e_______________________\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eUnited Nations Convention on\r\nContracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) The CISG is sometimes also\r\nreferred to as the \u0026quot;Vienna Convention\u0026quot;., April 11, 1980, S. Treaty\r\nDoc. No. 98-9 (1984), U.N. Doc. No. A/CONF.97/19, 1489 U.N.T.S. 3, incorporated\r\nby, International Sale of Goods Act, R.S.O., ch. I-10 (1990) (Can.), available\r\nat:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.elaws.gov.on.ca/DBlaws/statutes/English/90i10_e.htm\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ewww.elaws.gov.on.ca/DBlaws/statutes/English/90i10_e.htm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eCurrently, seventy countries\r\nrepresenting three-quarters of the world\u0027s trade are CISG signatories. See \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.uncitralorg/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/1980CISG_status.html\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/\r\n1980CISG_status.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;, and see also, \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/countries/cntries.html\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/countries/\r\ncntries.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eThe Permanent Court of\r\nArbitration (PCA), has over one hundred member states and was established in\r\n1899 to facilitate arbitration and other forms of dispute resolution between\r\nstates, see the PCA website:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=363\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=363\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;;\r\nsee also, The \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eLondon\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e\r\nCourt of International Arbitration (LCIA) website: \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.lcia-arbitration.com/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.lcia-arbitration.com/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\r\nThe International Court of Arbitration for the International Chamber of\r\nCommerce (ICA-ICC), \u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"http://wwwiccarbitration\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.ccarbitration\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.org/\u0026gt;;\r\nand ICC, International Chamber of Commerce Rules of Optional Conciliation.\r\n1995. reprinted in 1995 ICSID Review. 10, pp. 158-161; and the American\r\nArbitration Association (AAA)-International Centre for Dispute Resolution , the\r\ninternational division of the AAA, which was established in 1996 to provide the\r\nsame high quality alternative dispute resolution (ADR) services available in\r\nthe \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eU.S.\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nto individuals and organizations around the globe.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e         \u003c/span\u003eICSID was established under the\r\n\u0026lt;Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and\r\nNationals of Other States\u0026gt; (the Convention) which came into force on October\r\n14, 1966. See the World Bank-ICSID website: \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.worldbank.org/icsid/index.html\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.worldbank.org/icsid/index.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e         \u003c/span\u003eBased in \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003eGeneva\u003c/st1:City\u003e,\r\n\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eSwitzerland\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, the WIPO\r\nArbitration and \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eMediation\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e\r\n \u003cst1:PlaceType w:st=\"on\"\u003eCenter\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e was established in\r\n1994 to offer Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) options, specifically\r\narbitration and mediation, for the resolution of international commercial\r\ndisputes between private parties. See the WIPO website: \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/centerlindex.html\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.wipo.int/\r\namc/en/center/index.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e         \u003c/span\u003eFor a list of arbitral\r\norganizations for the North American Free Trade Agreement among the \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eU.S.\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eCanada\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nand \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eMexico\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e,\r\nsee the NAFTA Secretariat website: \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.nafta-secalena.org/DefaultSite/index_e.aspx?DetailID=867\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.nafta-secalena.org/DefaultSite/index_e.aspx?DetailID=867\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e         \u003c/span\u003eFinishing Before You Start, supra\r\nnote I, at 46.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e         \u003c/span\u003e Indian subcontinent\u0026quot;. New\r\nOxford Dictionary of English (ISBN 0-19-860441-6) New York: Oxford University\r\nPress, 2001; p. 929: \u0026quot;the part of Asia south of the Himalayas which forms\r\na peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean, between the Arabian Sea and the\r\nBay of Bengal. Historically forming the whole territory of greater \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eIndia\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, the region is now divided between \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eIndia\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e,\r\nand \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eBangladesh\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nafter partition in 1947. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eSreni (local business guilds) and\r\nKula (social matters of community). In Medieval India there were Panchayats\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn15\u0027 href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e: Territorial or Sectarian, and were\r\nheld in great veneration (Panch Parameshwar). In \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eIndia\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e under the British rule, Lord\r\nWilliam Bentick (Act VIII of 1859) had sections 312 - 327 dealing with\r\narbitration). The above provisions were formally and separately enacted under\r\nArbitration Act 1940. In \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nthe litigation in courts became the usual mode of resolution of disputes. ADR\r\ndid not catch on and took a back seat to litigation. The conflicts are\r\ntraditionally managed by litigation in \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e. The reasons for the same\r\nare that quick availability of interim relief (preliminary injunction, seizure\r\nof goods) especially relevant in IP rights because in case of grant of interim\r\nrelief the half the battle is won. There were flaws in Arbitration Act 1940,\r\nnamely: No interim power in the arbitrator, too many grounds for judicial\r\nintervention at all stages (pre-arbitral, during arbitration and post award),\r\nas a result it defeated the whole object of speedy and cost effective dispute\r\nresolution.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eThe\r\nfour major reasons for the resurgence of ADR are the drawbacks of litigation,\r\nchanging business scenario, legislative responses including in \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e to\r\npromote ADR and judicial sponsorship. The system of dispensing justice in \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e has\r\ncome under great stress for several reasons mainly because of the huge pendency\r\nof cases in courts. In \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e,\r\nthe number of cases filed in the courts has shown a tremendous increase in\r\nrecent years resulting in pendency and delays underlining the need for\r\nalternative dispute resolution methods. It has been realised by the judges,\r\nlawyers, litigants and other stakeholders that the courts were not in a\r\nposition to bear the entire burden of justice system and that a number of\r\ndisputes lent themselves to resolution by alternative modes such as\r\narbitration, mediation and negotiation. They have emphasized the desirability\r\nof disputants taking advantage of alternative dispute resolution which provided\r\nprocedural flexibility, saved valuable time and money and avoided the stress of\r\na conventional trial. The existing regime of civil suits in \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e is\r\ngoverned by the Code of Civil Procedure enacted in 1908. Since then little\r\nchange has taken place. The British adversarial system introduced in our\r\ncountry may be distinguished by its laissez \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e_______________________\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e         \u003c/span\u003eThe panchayat raj is a South\r\nAsian political system mainly in \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eIndia\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e,\r\n\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e and \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eNepal\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e.\r\n\u0026quot;Panchayat\u0026quot; literally means assembly (yat) of five (panch) wise and\r\nrespected elders chosen and accepted by the village community. Traditionally,\r\nthese assemblies settled disputes between individuals and villages.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003efare emphasis on party controlled\r\nlitigation process, emphasis on procedural justice and limitations on available\r\nlegal remedies, confined to win or lose legal outcomes. Litigation being the\r\nprimary means of resolving disputes our civil justice process has failed to\r\nadminister justice in a timely manner to a larger, more diverse, faster paced,\r\ntechnologically and economically changing society. Legal cultures in U.S.A, \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eSingapore\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003eHong Kong\u003c/st1:City\u003e,\r\n\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eAustralia\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eEngland\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eIndia\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e,\r\n\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eSri Lanka\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eBangladesh\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e and\r\nmany other countries have already introduced different Alternative Dispute\r\nResolutions methods to settle disputes outside the court. By updating their\r\nsystems they have made their judicial systems more efficient, more service\r\noriented, to provide speedy relief to the parties. ADR has emerged as a\r\nsignificant movement in these countries and has not only helped to reduce cost\r\nand time taken for resolution of disputes, but also in providing a congenial\r\natmosphere and a less formal and less complicated forum for various types of disputes.\r\nLike in our country there was a time when the civil justice system in those\r\ncountries confronted serious crisis for lack of discipline. The examples of\r\nthese countries make us aware that \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e is not alone in addressing\r\nthe problem. Other countries including, some in the sub-continent, like \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, with\r\ncomparable problems have been successful in implementing reforms in similar\r\nmanner.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eIn\r\na developing country like Pakistan with major economic reforms under way within\r\nthe framework of the rule of law, strategies for swifter resolution of disputes\r\nfor lessening the burden on the courts and to provide means for expeditious\r\nresolution of disputes, there is no better option but to strive to develop\r\nalternative modes of dispute resolution (ADR) by establishing facilities for\r\nproviding settlement of disputes through arbitration, conciliation, mediation\r\nand negotiation. Trade and industry also demanded drastic changes in the\r\nArbitration Act, 1940 and thought it necessary to provide a new forum and procedure\r\nfor resolving international and domestic disputes quickly. Since the inception\r\nof the economic liberalization policies in \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nand acceptance of law reforms World over, the legal opinion leaders have\r\nconcluded that the application of rigorous mediation mechanisms to commercial\r\nand civil litigation is a critical solution to the profound problem of arrears\r\nof cases in Civil Courts in \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e.\r\nThe Pakistan Parliament considered a bill for amendments in the Code of Civil\r\nProcedure which included a mandatory provision for Alternate Dispute Resolution\r\nas a step to improve the civil and commercial justice system in \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e.\r\nHowever, it is widely acknowledged in \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, that ADR lacks\r\n\u0026quot;teeth\u0026quot;, in that it has not been effectively implemented or institutionalized.\r\nEssentially, High Court rules do not apply ADR practices, judges are not\r\ntrained mediators and rarely refer cases for mediation, hence courts remain\r\nbacklogged with over a million cases.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eThe\r\nproposed reforms to Civil Justice have been under discussion for some years and\r\nusage of ADR have had a significant influence on the way in which litigation is\r\nconducted in Pakistan, in the sense that courts have tended to anticipate the\r\nchanges to some extent, or to interpret existing rules in a way which is\r\ncompatible with ADR philosophy. Nevertheless since the new legislation has come\r\ninto force, radical changes have to be made in the way in which the courts and\r\nlawyers operate. As a result of Legislative initiatives, amendments in Civil\r\nJustice System have taken place and relevant laws (or particular provisions)\r\ndealing with the ADR are summarized as under:--\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(1)\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003eSection 89-A of the Civil Procedure Code, 1908 (as amended in\r\n2002) read with Order X, Rule 1-A (deals with alternative dispute resolution\r\nmethods).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(2)\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003eThe Small Claims and Minor Offences Courts Ordinance, 2002.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(3)\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003eSections 102-106 of the Local Government Ordinance, 2001.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(4)\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003eSections 10 and 12 of the Family Courts Act, 1964.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(5)\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003eChapter XXII of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Summary\r\nTrial Provisions).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(6)\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003eThe Arbitration Act, 1940.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(7)\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003eArticles 153-154 of the Constitution of \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, 1973\r\n(Council of Common Interest).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(8)\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003eArticle 156 of the Constitution of \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, 1973 (National Economic\r\nCouncil).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(9)\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003eArticle 160 of the Constitution of \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, 1973 (National Finance\r\nCommission)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(10)\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003eArticle 184 of the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 (Original\r\nJurisdiction when Federal or Provincial governments are at dispute with one\r\nanother).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(11)\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003eFinance Bill introduced following ADR Tax Laws:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eSection\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003e134-A\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eof\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eI.T. Ordinance. 2001 read with\r\nRule 231-C of the I.T. Rules-02, section 47 of the Sales Tax Act 1990 and Ch. X\r\nof the S.T. Rules-04.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eSection\r\n195-C of the Customs Act 1969, Ch. XVII of Customs Rules 2001.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eSection\r\n38 of the Federal Excise Act 2005 read with Rule 53 of FE Rules 2005.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eSection\r\n23 of Industrial Relation Ordinance.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eMediation\r\nis the most favourable means of dispute resolution all over the world. The real\r\nbenefits of mediation over litigation and other dispute resolution methods are\r\nthat: It is 1. Cost saving: Mediation works out on average approximately 70%\r\ncheaper than the other methods of dispute resolution. 2. Time saving: The\r\ninformal nature of the process allows matters be resolved much quicker than\r\nother process driven alternatives. There is no long wait for court dates and\r\nconflicts are usually resolved within 48 hours. In these instances valuable\r\ntime is saved and business disruption is minimized. 3. Relationships saved:\r\nMediation actively maintains relationships. While Litigation and Arbitration\r\nvery often reinforce the division between the parties and increase the levels\r\nof tension and hostility, mediation\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eallows\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eparties\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eachieve\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ea mutually\r\nacceptable\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eworkable\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003esolution.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003e4.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eControl\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003e(for\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eparties): 5. Confidentiality\r\nand Voluntary.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eBusinesses\r\nare looking for minimum business disruption and a cost effective solution to\r\nresolve commercial disputes and in this environment mediation is thriving. In\r\nan environment where commerce has demanded high levels of efficiency and cost\r\neffectiveness, business people have been prepared to endure a system of dispute\r\nresolution which is far from efficient or cost effective. Dispute resolution\r\ntakes longer now and costs more than it did ten years ago, notwithstanding that\r\nthe quality of its delivery has remained high, relative to equivalent systems\r\nin other economies. Why then has there not been any real attempt to introduce\r\nan alternative, at least for a proportion of our commercial disputes. There are\r\nmany reasons but the following are suggested as being the more important:--\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-ascii-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";mso-hansi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nmso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-char-type:\r\nsymbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eLack of awareness of the alternatives. (It seems that most\r\npeople are not aware that alternative means of commercial dispute resolution do\r\nexist outside the Courts system and arbitral process. Mediation is only one of\r\nthe alternatives).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-ascii-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";mso-hansi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nmso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-char-type:\r\nsymbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eLack of understanding of the alternatives. (Most people are\r\nunaware of the essential characteristics and potential benefits of mediation).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-ascii-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";mso-hansi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nmso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-char-type:\r\nsymbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eThe absence of an ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) tradition.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-ascii-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";mso-hansi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nmso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-char-type:\r\nsymbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eA strong tradition of common law and of adversarial\r\nlitigation.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-ascii-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";mso-hansi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nmso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-char-type:\r\nsymbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eThe existence of a strong judicial system.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-ascii-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";mso-hansi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nmso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-char-type:\r\nsymbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eA strong cultural awareness of legal rights and a desire to\r\nhave those rights vindicated or defended.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-ascii-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";mso-hansi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nmso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-char-type:\r\nsymbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eThe existence of a strong legal professional with a primary\r\ninterest in adversarial litigation and arbitration.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-ascii-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";mso-hansi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nmso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-char-type:\r\nsymbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eThe natural suspicion of a commercial or trading partner or\r\nopponent who is perceived as having committed a wrong.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-ascii-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";mso-hansi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nmso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-char-type:\r\nsymbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eThe natural human reluctance to take responsibility for\r\nfinding a solution and a desire to have a solution imposed from outside.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-family:Symbol;\r\nmso-ascii-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";mso-hansi-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\nmso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-char-type:\r\nsymbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eThe natural human tendency to be adversarial rather than\r\nco-operative.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eThere\r\nare few commercial disputes that are not amenable to resolution through\r\nmediation, from the largest disputes between, for example, a car manufacturer\r\nand its national distributor, to the smallest disputes between, for example, a\r\nbank and its private customer. Commercial litigants themselves will be the\r\nfirst to admit they would welcome an alternative that allowed them to resolve\r\ntheir disputes more quickly and to spend less money on achieving a resolution.\r\nPresently we do not have a specific law for Mediation in \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e.\r\nUnless there is a special law enacted on or a detailed clause on Mediation is\r\ninserted in existing procedural law on Mediation, it is difficult to see\r\npositive development of commercial mediation. Although section 89-A of Civil\r\nProcedure Code, 1908 contains clause for referral of a dispute pending\r\nadjudication for mediation/conciliation but the same is not comprehensive. The\r\nLaw Reform Act, 2007(sic.) contained amendment to section 89-A of C.P.C. 1908\r\nbut unfortunately it was not approved by Senate of Pakistan resultantly it\r\nlapsed. The Mediation clauses have recently been started to be drafted in\r\ncommercial contracts. It is suggested that the business-sector should be\r\nencouraged to include mediation in all business agreements.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eIn\r\nmy experience many clients with long-term contracts understand the intrinsic\r\nvalue of creating, at the outset of the relationship, a roadmap to follow when\r\ndisputes arise. Importantly, the client shares the same roadmap with the other\r\nparty rather than creating separate roadmaps when the dispute is upon them.\r\nClients, who have experienced conflicts in long-term contracts, where the\r\npreservation of the relationship may have more value than in a short-term\r\ncontract, often view these clauses as an insurance policy for when a dispute\r\narises.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eThe\r\nFinancial Institutions (Recovery of Finances) Ordinance, 2001, The Companies\r\nOrdinance, 1984, The Modaraba Companies and Modaraba (Flotation and Control)\r\nOrdinance, 1980, The HBFC Act, 1952, The Industrial Relations Ordinance, 2002,\r\nThe Punjab Consumers Protection Act, 2005, The Drugs Act, 1976, The Income Tax\r\nOrdinance, 2001, The Sales Tax Act, 1990, The Customs Act, 1969, The Copy\r\nRights Ordinance, 1962, The Registered Designs Ordinance, 2000, The Patents\r\nOrdinance 2000, The Registered Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits Ordinance,\r\n2000, The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997, The Insurance Ordinance,\r\n2000, The Privatization Commission Ordinance, 2000, The Electronic Transitions\r\nOrdinance, 2002, The Imports and Exports (Control) Act, 1950, The Oil and Gas\r\nRegulatory Authority Ordinance, 2002, Rent Restriction Laws of all the\r\nprovinces are the areas where ADR should be introduced on a priority basis,\r\namending the special legislations.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eWe\r\nshould adopt a National Action Plan for promoting and instituting the ADR. A\r\nprogram of Legal and \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eJudicial\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e\r\n \u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eCapacity\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e \u003cst1:PlaceType w:st=\"on\"\u003eBuilding\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\nshould be prepared which should include with other things, Law Reform, Judicial\r\nReform, Judicial Training and Legal Education, Court Automation and\r\nInfrastructure, Access to Justice, ADR and Legal Aid, Legal Literacy and Public\r\nAwareness and Gender Sensitivity. The Law and Justice Commission of \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e should\r\nissue a policy statement on court governance for making ADR successful. It\r\nshould consist of three elements; The Justice Statement, which identifies\r\nuniversal justice values common to civilized nations, The Framework of Core\r\nCompetencies, which provides the knowledge capital needed to make the courts\r\nresponse to the challenges of the present century, and The Strategic Framework,\r\nwhich provides benchmark through which the court\u0027s performance can be assessed.\r\nThe Commission should prepare and issue a comprehensive instructional code for\r\nintroducing ADR at the District level. ADR centre at the Principal Seat of\r\nevery High Court should be established and it should be entrusted with the task\r\nof promoting, assisting and monitoring the practice of ADR in courts. A \u0027Pilot\r\nProject Design/Convening Committee\u0027 should be formed headed by a judge of High\r\nCourt at the High Court level. Every High Court should amend the rules to give\r\neffect to section 89-A of the Civil Procedure Code. The Pakistan Government\r\nwill have to make a major investment in training, by utilizing a portion of the\r\nADB loan available for Access to Justice Program to create a group of judges\r\nwell-versed in the intricacies of ADR. The implementation of the Pilot Project\r\nshould include a comprehensive training program of judges in case management,\r\nmediation and conciliation prior to its beginning. Countries like \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eSri Lanka\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e have\r\nestablished a judicial training institute that trains judges in ADR and Case\r\nManagement techniques (among other subjects). The \u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eFederal\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e\r\n\u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eJudicial\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e \u003cst1:PlaceType w:st=\"on\"\u003eAcademy\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e\r\nin \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nshould establish a similar program that would concentrate on ADR and Case\r\nManagement. The initial training should be imparted by Mediators from abroad,\r\nit should be an intensive five days training course on mediation. The\r\nparticipants in the training program should be judges selected from different\r\ndistricts, legal practitioners including representatives from non-government\r\norganizations. After that the training should be given by trained/accredited\r\nPakistani Mediators. From time to time a new district should be selected for\r\nimparting training to judges and lawyers who have not yet received training in\r\nmediation. Such training programs should be organized at respective district\r\nheadquarters. Mediation or Conciliation does not come easily to anyone,\r\nwhatever height he/she attains in legal knowledge and experience. Mediation\r\nespecially involves the use of a facilitator trained in conflict resolution.\r\nThe mediator must know the techniques of encouraging the parties to discuss\r\ntheir positions with greater candour and he/she must also know how to foster\r\ncompromise. Mediation involves a thorough training for a few days. We will have\r\nto invite trainers from abroad initially but a few trainers in \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e are\r\navailable as well. The first implementation task will be to train up a large\r\nnumber of trainers in mediation and conciliation. These trainers will then\r\nspread out throughout the nook and corner of the country to train up judges,\r\nlawyers and other interested persons in the art and science of mediation and\r\nconciliation. Without such intensive training, it will be a folly to introduce\r\nADR wholesale in our lower courts. \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eIndia\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e tried to introduce ADR. In\r\n1999 by an amendment to the C.P.C., known as the Code of Civil Procedure\r\n(Amendment) Act, 1999. It ended in a fiasco. There was widespread resistance to\r\nit by lawyers that forced the Government of India to postpone its\r\nimplementation. The lesson is that when you introduce any matter of legal\r\nreform or innovation, do not try to impose it from above. Do some intensive\r\nwork at the grassroots level, build up a large following, try the reform on a\r\ntrial and error basis by setting up pilot courts and then proceed with caution\r\nby examining its results. Learn from the pilot courts and the lawyers involved\r\nin mediation and other methods what practical problems they are encountering\r\nwith, adjust and re-adjust your program accordingly, so that what finally\r\nemerges is not a foreign model but an indigenous Pakistani model, suited to the\r\nlegal culture, ethos and traditions of this country. The second implementation\r\ntask will be to continue the training for all time to come for the new entrants\r\nto the Judicial Service through the \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eFederal\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e\r\n \u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eJudicial\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e \u003cst1:PlaceType w:st=\"on\"\u003eAcademy\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e.\r\nWe will have to develop a curriculum especially for ADR and also will have to\r\nkeep and maintain one or more regular instructor on its pay roll to teach the\r\nmechanisms of ADR to the trainee-judges. Outsiders interested to pursue a\r\ncareer of mediation and arbitration may also receive instructions and\r\ncertificate from \u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eFederal\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e \u003cst1:PlaceName\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eJudicial\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e \u003cst1:PlaceType w:st=\"on\"\u003eAcademy\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e,\r\non payment of fees and charges, as and when \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceName\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eFederal\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e \u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eJudicial\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e\r\n \u003cst1:PlaceType w:st=\"on\"\u003eAcademy\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e is ready enough\r\nto render this service. Answerable to both the Chief Justice and District\r\nJudges, the ADR specialists will resolve new cases referred to them by the\r\ncourts. Conciliators and Mediators will be drawn from among retired judges,\r\nsenior advocates, other respected individuals in the professional legal\r\ncommunity, accountants, architects, engineers, bankers, doctors, university\r\nprofessors, and chambers of commerce and industry.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eThe\r\nADR has not been enthusiastically embraced by the entire legal community in all\r\nthe countries where it has been introduced. Majority of the lawyers all over\r\nthe World in the beginning oppose the introduction of ADR as they believe that\r\nby introduction of these mechanisms the reformers are trying to put them out of\r\nbusiness. ADR programs the world over experience varying degrees of support\r\nfrom local legal communities. This cross-current likely will not stem the\r\nrising tide of ADR programs across the globe. But it is becoming increasingly\r\nclear that the success of such programs will depend upon assessing and\r\naddressing the legal community\u0027s attitudes toward ADR in each country, as well\r\nas ADR users\u0027 attitudes toward the formal legal establishment. A few of the\r\nmany critical issues facing any community deciding whether and how to implement\r\nan ADR program are: (1) Why and to what degree will the lawyers and judges oppose\r\nor fail to support ADR? (2) How should this opposition or lack of support be\r\naddressed? (3) How do potential users of ADR view the judiciary and rest of the\r\nlegal establishment? and (4) how should the ADR project deal with their views?\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003eResistance\r\nto ADR:\u003c/b\u003e To be sure, there are plenty of valid reasons for opposing ADR\r\nprograms with inappropriate goals or improper design. ADR cannot replace formal\r\njudicial systems necessary to further the rule of law, redress fundamental\r\nsocial injustice, provide governmental sanction, or provide a \u0026quot;court of\r\nlast resort\u0026quot; for disputes that cannot be resolved by voluntary, informal\r\nsystems. Also, it is hard for ADR to deal well with extreme power imbalances\r\nbetween disputants. I have talked to a number of lawyers of all ages all over\r\nthe country. Contrary to reformers belief, lawyers do not like their piled-up\r\ncases to rot in their chamber for years and decades together. They admire and\r\ndesire a quick resolution of disputes and they dispute the proposition that the\r\nquicker a case goes out of their chamber the lesser is their income. On the\r\ncontrary, the earlier a case goes out of their chamber by way of final\r\ndisposal, the more it is replenished by new cases. The more the litigant public\r\ncomes to know that the legal and judicial system delivers justice speedily and\r\nwith less expense, the more the public knowledge inspires confidence in the\r\nsystem itself and the more the potential litigant who would not have come near\r\nthe court premises would flock to the courts for results of a similar nature.\r\nThe success of ADR in other countries has shown that it is the lawyers who\r\nbecome the best admirers of ADR after practising ADR. The lawyers practising in\r\nthe pilot courts will be best pillars of strength in spreading ADR. The trainee\r\nlawyers and representatives of non-government organizations should be selected\r\ntaking stock of their interest, participation and direct involvement in the ADR\r\nmatters. Training should be imparted to the lawyers as they are the ones on\r\nwhose advice litigants rely most. It is believed that without their\r\nco-operation introduction of mediation in the civil courts will not be\r\nsuccessful. The aim should be to dispel their fear of loss of cases, financial\r\nhardship and above all suspicion of a new method of dispute resolution and to\r\ngive assurance that mediation will not adversely affect them financially but\r\nwill open up new horizons for them. They should be persuaded by the prospect of\r\nreceiving lump sum amount by way of fees for being lawyers in mediations which\r\nprovide an opportunity to resolve the disputes rapidly and efficiently; whereas\r\ntrials take years and in our country usually fees are paid part by part\r\nthroughout the trials till they end. Further they should be made to understand\r\nthat successful mediation lawyers will always attract new clients wanting to\r\ntry mediation who would otherwise have shunned the court. There is a scarcity\r\nof skilled and professional mediators. There is an urgent need for training on\r\nmediation and motivation of the lawyers for the use and promotion of the\r\nalternative system.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e Let the lawyer to become\r\nmediator, rather than mere pleader, \u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eLaw\r\nschools should be encouraged to recruit and train doctors, lawyers, university\r\nprofessors, and accountants to serve as potential recruits. These individuals\r\nwill be accredited as neutrals after satisfying both theoretical requirements.\r\nIn addition, these institutions should pay special attention to the recruitment\r\nof women. Apart from enlarging the base of neutrals, this practice will be\r\nuseful in situation where women are involved in a dispute. The presence of a\r\nfemale neutral will assist in creating an atmosphere congenial to a successful\r\nmediation.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eIn\r\nperforming their functions, neutrals should be immune from civil damages for\r\nstatements, actions, omissions, or decisions made in the course of ADR proceedings\r\n(unless that statement, action, omission, or decision is made fraudulently),\r\nand no action should be allowed against a neutral without a clearance\r\ncertificate issued by the Chief Justice of the High Court. At the same time,\r\nneutrals should be subjected to the same ethical standards as High Court\r\njudges, including the standards of probity and confidentiality that are\r\nexpected by the litigants. Neutrals who egregiously violate certain ethical norms\r\n(e.g., taking bribes or misusing information disclosed during the mediation\r\nprocess) should be liable to criminal sanctions. Conciliators should be\r\nselected from a pool of retired judges, senior advocates and from the people of\r\nother professions who have a reputation for integrity. These conciliators could\r\nprovide pro bono services, or, depending on the complexity of the matter charge\r\nfee.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eTraining\r\nfor ADR mediators and neutrals: As recommended above, training for those who\r\nwould serve as ADR mediators and neutrals in the Pilot Courts should be handled\r\nby learning institutions that are able to put together specialized courses. The\r\nlearning institutions should bear the cost of preparing the courses and\r\ntraining materials, while the potential ADR specialists would pay fees to\r\nattend the court. The technique of ADR is an effort to design a workable and\r\nfair alternative. Conciliators, mediators, arbitrators and other ADR neutrals\r\nwill be appointed when requested by the parties from among a panel of qualified\r\nand experienced ADR neutrals. The Institutes/law schools in the country should\r\nundertake training/teaching in ADR and related matters and award diplomas,\r\ncertificates and other academic or professional distinctions. Besides, the\r\nInstitutes should plan to develop infrastructure for higher education and\r\nresearch in the field of ADR and arrange for fellowships, scholarships and\r\nstipends for developing professionalism in ADR.A major focus should be on\r\ntraining for developing professional mediators and sensitizing judges, lawyers,\r\npolicymakers, litigants and the masses. I stress on creation of a regular corps\r\nof trained and efficient mediators or neutrals, relying on whom judges or\r\nparties in a dispute can comfortably go for consensual process of the ADR methods.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eIt\r\nwill be prudent, at least at this stage, to keep in the statute a wide option\r\nof mediators and arbitrators to avoid the vagary of availability or no\r\nnon-availability of senior lawyers. Presiding judges of the disputes in\r\nquestion and other available judges of co-equal jurisdiction not seizing of the\r\ndisputes in question should be kept as options for the choice of mediator or\r\nconciliators. Retired judges, senior lawyers as per list maintained and\r\nconstantly updated by the District Judge should be available for mediation and\r\nconciliation. Private mediation firms, having experienced judges or retired\r\njudges and/or qualified non-practising lawyers on their staff, recommended by\r\nthe District Judge and approved by the Chief Justice of High Court, may also be\r\nincluded for mediation, conciliation or non -binding arbitration on payment of\r\nequal fees by the parties. Gradually, as the idea spreads and the ADR procedure\r\ngains ground, judges may be eliminated from the list altogether. This may take\r\nsome time, but nothing can be achieved without patience and perseverance. \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eU.S.A.\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eAustralia\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nand \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eCanada\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nhave not achieved their present position without sustained efforts for three or\r\nfour decades. 85 to 90 per cent of cases filed are now disposed of by ADR\r\nmethod and only 10 to 15 per cent cases filed are disposed of by trial now in\r\nthose countries. But \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eRome\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e\r\nwas not built in a day, but was built alright.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eAmend\r\nthe Code of Civil Procedure giving the trial court an enabling and\r\ndiscretionary power to refer a case or part of a case for mediation at any\r\nstage of the suit. Although the proper stage to do so is after receiving the\r\nwritten statement, I would suggest \u0027at any stage of the suit\u0027 to cover\r\nbacklogs. When the amendment comes into force, the judges will be trained to refer\r\na case for mediation, conciliation or non-binding arbitration after receiving\r\nthe written statement in all suitable cases, but they will be further trained\r\nto refer pending cases for mediation, conciliation or non-binding arbitration\r\nwhen both parties agree or according to the judge\u0027s own discretion, the stage\r\nof the suit not being very important. It is necessary to define mediation,\r\nconciliation and non-binding arbitration correctly and precisely in the\r\namendment to avoid unnecessary dispute about their nature and character.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eMake\r\nthe presiding judge, a judge of co-equal jurisdiction, lawyers of more than 15\r\nyears\u0027 standing, and Private Mediation Firms, adequately staffed by either\r\nexperienced ex-judges of not less than 10 years\u0027 standing or retired judges\r\nand/or non-practising lawyers of not less than 15 years\u0027 standing, renowned\r\nprofessionals from other fields recommended by the District Judge and approved\r\nby the Chief Justice of High Court, as qualified for appointment as mediator,\r\nconciliation or arbitrator. As a matter of practice the presiding judge may not\r\nassume that function, but the enabling\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eprovision\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eshould\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ebe\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ethere,\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ebecause\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003emany\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eplaces\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ea\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ejudge\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eof\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eco-equal\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ejurisdiction\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eor\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ea\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003elawyer\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eof\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003estated\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003estanding\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eor\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ea\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eprivate\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003elegal\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003efirm\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003emight\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003enot\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ebe available. The District Judge will keep a\r\nconstant eye on ADR, provide the High Court with regular up-to-date information\r\nabout disposal of cases by mediation or conciliation by various pilot courts,\r\namount realized each month by the pilot courts, pending mediations or\r\nconciliations in the pilot courts, comparison in terms of disposal and\r\nrealization of money with the rate of disposal and rate of realization of money\r\nprior to mediation, amount realized by execution of decree on a previous 5-year\r\naverage prior to mediation etc. and oversee the progress of ADR diligently and\r\nconstantly.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eThe\r\nGovernment is the major litigant in this country, either as a plaintiff or as a\r\ndefendant. In most cases the Government does not make any appearance, because\r\nthe Government does not find, at any rate for the time being, any interest of\r\nthe Government involved in the case. Yet when the parties in dispute compromise\r\nthe matter, even without mediation, the option remains for the Government to\r\nchallenge the compromise at a belated stage, claiming an interest in the\r\nsubject matter of litigation. The Government is thus responsible in many cases\r\nto prolong the litigation. To make the ADR successful, law should be amended\r\nproviding that where the Government does not enter appearance or after entering\r\nappearance does not file any written statement, or after filing a written\r\nstatement does not contest the case, any resolution of the dispute through ADR\r\nor otherwise by the other parties to the dispute would be binding on the\r\nGovernment.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusion:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eAn\r\nongoing judiciary initiative to institute an alternative dispute resolution\r\nsystem through \u0026quot;National Judicial Policy, 2009\u0026quot; appears significant\r\nto reduce the burden of millions of cases pending with the courts. Amendments\r\nto several laws have been made and some more are on their way to facilitate to\r\ninstitute mediation, conciliation, arbitration and other Alternative Dispute\r\nResolution mechanisms, as the result of the efforts was tremendously\r\nencouraging. Under a pilot project, ADR should be initiated in the selected\r\nDistricts and in a class of cases, under the supervision and control of High\r\nCourts, which can eventually be extended to all the Districts. And when such\r\ncourts are established, that would truly bring ADR to the centre-stage   no\r\ndispute about that. Every case, settled out of the formal courts, will save an\r\naverage court time of seven to ten years. The ADR-related legislative reforms,\r\nwhen viewed in conjunction with other government initiatives give an excellent\r\nopportunity to any group, body or institution seeking to establish themselves\r\nas service providers for ADR. There are several established entities actively\r\nengaged in providing ADR services and who are already well-positioned to fill\r\nthe space suddenly created by this healthy juxtaposition of the several\r\nlegislative provisions. What is lacking is not only awareness of this\r\nopportunity but also the proficiency/expertise necessary to implement ADR as a\r\ntruly viable (and a much healthier) alternative mechanism to litigating in a\r\ncourt of law. Considering the pool of talent available, it is only a question\r\nof showing the way. And this is the task that Government, Judiciary and Bar\r\nshould take upon themselves   of introducing to the nation, and educating them\r\nabout, ADR and it\u0027s inherent benefits with the help of ADB sponsored Access to\r\nJustice Program, Pakistan stands to benefit greatly from this effort simply\r\nbecause not only does it probably have the highest backlog of cases pending in\r\nits courts of law, but also because it\u0027s litigious population does not take too\r\nmany days off. The IFC Commercial Mediation program which was initiated in\r\npartnership with Ministry of Law, Sindh High Court and IFC in 2005, whereby\r\nreferral and Enforcement system at Sindh High Court was developed with\r\nreference to institutionalized mediations at Karachi Centre for Dispute\r\nResolution (KCDR), section 89-A of Civil Procedure Code was being used for\r\nreferral of disputes to KCDR for mediation. Commercial mediation has taken off\r\nbut a sustained awareness program is required for greater buy in of mediation\r\nand referral of disputes. Because IFC\u0027s ADR/Mediation initiatives in form of a\r\nPilot Project in \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003eKarachi\u003c/st1:City\u003e has been successful, it\r\nwants to reciprocate the same at \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eLahore\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e.\r\nHowever, experience suggests that ADR and mediation require support of\r\nstakeholders for it to be institutionalized at national level. In order to\r\npromote the use of ADR and mediation among practitioners and end-users, there\r\nhas been a strong need to debate its current status, future development and\r\nchallenges. In view of the National Judicial Policy, 2009 and with these\r\nobjectives in mind, the proposed Conference has been planned with the\r\ninstitutional support of Supreme Court of Pakistan and \u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eFederal\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e\r\n\u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eJudicial\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e \u003cst1:PlaceType w:st=\"on\"\u003eAcademy\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e,\r\n\u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eIslamabad\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e. The\r\nbusiness-sector should\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ebe\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eencouraged\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eto\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003einclude\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003efollowing\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003emodel\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eclause\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eall\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ebusiness\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eagreements,\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eMediation\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eis\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ea\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ewonderful\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003etool\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eto\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ehelp\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ecounsel\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eobtain\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ea\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003efair\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eand\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ereasonable\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003esettlement\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003efor\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ehis\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eclient.\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eI\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ehope\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethat\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eideas\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eset\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eforth\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethis\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003earticle\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ewill help\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ebusiness-sector\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eto turn\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003etheir dispute\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003efrom\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ea\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ebusiness\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ethreat\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003einto\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ea\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ebusiness opportunity by use of commercial mediation: Yes, many have been\r\nshying away from the courts looking at the prolonged delays, but once they have\r\nalternative and convenient modes like ADR for resolution of disputes, they are\r\ncertainly not going to shy away from opting for them to settle their disputes.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eThe\r\nADR can also be an effective means to deal with the cases involving default\r\nbank loans, now pending with the banking courts, and in other commercial cases\r\nthrough amendment to the relevant laws to make way for ADR, the banks could\r\nrecover billions default loans in a very short time. It is hoped that the ADR\r\ncan clear up the entire bulk of pending cases within three to four years, if\r\nproperly used. Alternative dispute resolution can mitigate sufferings of poor\r\nlitigants as it is cheaper and speedier than the existing legal system.\r\nIncreasing expenses of litigation, delay in disposal of cases and huge backlogs\r\nin the existing legal system have shaken people\u0027s confidence in the judiciary.\r\nAgainst this backdrop we cannot but ponder about a device like the ADR, which\r\nis potentially useful for reducing the backlogs and delay in some cases of our\r\ncourts. We recognize traditional, informal and indigenous forms of dispute\r\nresolution, like Punchayat, there were handicaps such as dominance of social\r\nelite, lack of legal awareness, superstitions and biased mindset. The purpose\r\nof the ADR was not to substitute consensual disposal for adversarial disposal\r\nor to abolish informal mediation outside courts but to make it part and parcel\r\nof the legal system, preserving the trial court\u0027s statutory authority and\r\njurisdiction to try the case should the ADR fail.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eA\r\nmajor focus should be on training for developing professional mediators and\r\nsensitizing judges, lawyers, policymakers, litigants and the masses. It is\r\nstressed on creation of a regular corps of trained and efficient mediators or\r\nneutrals, relying on whom judges or parties in a dispute can comfortably go for\r\nconsensual process of the ADR methods. The recommendations include networking\r\nand sharing at national, regional and international level, developing curricula\r\nfor incorporating the ADR in education and continued monitoring, evaluation and\r\nimprovement of ADR processes in use.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eAlternative\r\nfacility in \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nis yet to take a meaningful uplift. But this newly enacted provisions\r\nfacilitating\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eADR\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003esystem\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eour\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ejustice\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003edelivery\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eprocess\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eis\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ehighly\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eappreciable\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ewhich\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ewill\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eopen\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ea new horizon\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eour\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003elegal firmament.\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eFor\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003emeaningful\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eexpansion of\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eADR\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ePakistan\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003elegal\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eresource\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ehas\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eto\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ebe\r\ndeveloped among\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003erural\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003epoor by providing them with alternative lawyers\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eand\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ejudge.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eThe\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003enext\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003estep\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ewould\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ebe\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003efor\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe society to come forward\r\nto accept change of traditional legal procedure. Only reformative thinking, new\r\nvalues, new projection and positive outlook with determined action can achieve\r\nthis.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eThe\r\nproposed reforms to Civil Justice have been under discussion\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003efor\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003esome\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eyears\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eand\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eusage\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eof\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eADR\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ehave\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ehad a\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003esignificant\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003einfluence\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eon\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eway\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ewhich\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003elitigation\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eis\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003econducted\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ein Pakistan,\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003esense that\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003ecourts have\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003etended\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eto anticipate the changes to some extent, or to interpret\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eexisting\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003erules\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ea\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eway\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ewhich\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eis\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ecompatible with\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eADR\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ephilosophy.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eNevertheless\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ewhen\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003enew\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003elegislation\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ehas\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ecome\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003einto\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eforce,\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eradical\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003echanges\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eare\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eneeded\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eway\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ewhich\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ecourts\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eand\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003elawyers operate.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eAs\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe Chief Justice is a very powerful person\r\nin our system the Pakistan\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ereform\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eeffort\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003esuffered\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003esetbacks\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eand\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003edelays\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ecaused\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eby\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eshifting\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003erole\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eof\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eChief\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eJustice as\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ehappened\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eIndia\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ewith\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eretirement\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eof\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eChief Justice\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eAhmadi,\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eyet\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003epresent\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eChief\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eJustice\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eof\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ePakistan,\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ealong\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ewith\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003emany\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eother\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ejudges\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eand\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe government are great\r\nsupporters of these innovations. We certainly need a Champion to make this\r\nmatter a success in \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e.\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn16\u0027 href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e______________\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e         \u003c/span\u003eThis paper has been prepared by\r\nZafar Iqbal Kalanauri Mediator and Advocate Supreme Court Pakistan, and\r\npublished by Pakistan Alternate Dispute Resolution Centre (the only private\r\nforum in Pakistan where the experts in different fields resolve disputes\r\noutside the court room using different ADR mechanisms), 128-A, Upper Mall\r\nScheme Lahore, Pakistan. Web: \u003ca href=\"http://www.zklawassociates.com\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.zklawassociates.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca\r\nhref=\"mailto:kalanauri@gmail.com\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:\r\nnone;text-underline:none\u0027\u003eE-Mail: kalanauri@gmail.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e Tel: (92-42)\r\n35760171 Mobil: (92)-314-4224411 and (92)-0300-4511823.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote-list\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportFootnotes]\u003e\u003cbr clear=all\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chr align=left size=1 width=\"33%\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c![endif]\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn1\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003eBruno Zeller,\r\nCISG AND the Unification of International Trade Law (Abingdon, Oxon [\u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eEngland\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e]; \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003eNew\r\n  York\u003c/st1:City\u003e, \u003cst1:State w:st=\"on\"\u003eNY\u003c/st1:State\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e:\r\nRoutledge-Cavendish, 2007).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn2\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn2\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003eSee the UNCITRAL\r\nwebsite: \u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"http://vvww.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/index.html\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/index.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn3\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn3\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003eSee the Hague\r\nConference on Private International Law website: \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://wvvw.hcchmet/index\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:\r\nnone;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.hcchnet/index\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e en.php\u0026gt;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn4\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003ca style=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn4\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003eSee Bernard\r\nAudit, \u0026quot;The Vienna Sales Convention and the Lex Mercatoria\u0026quot; in LEX\r\nMERCATORIA AND ARBITRATION, Thomas E. Carbonneau ed., rev. ed. [reprint of a\r\nchapter of the 1990 edition of this text], (Juris Publishing 1998) Chap. 11,\r\n\u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/audit.html\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/audit.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn5\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=AltK style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;\r\nmargin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.2in;page-break-after:auto\u0027\u003e\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn5\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003eUnited Nations\r\nConvention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards,\r\nconcluded at \u003cst1:State w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eNew York\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:State\u003e,\r\nJune 10, 1958, 21 U.S.T. 2517, T.I.A.S. No 6997, 330 U.N.T.S. 38 available at:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:6.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.uncitraLorg/uncitral/en/uncitrCal_texts/arbitration/NYConvention,html\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitrcal_texts/arbitration/NYConvention.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn6\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn6\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003eFor the text and\r\nexplanatory materials on the UNCITRAL Model on International Commercial\r\nArbitration, United Nations Document A/40/17, annex I (as adopted by the United\r\nNations Commission on International Trade Law on 21 June 1985 \u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://wwwuncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/mharb/06-54671_Ebook.pdf\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/arbitration/mlarb/06-54671_Ebook.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\r\nand as incorporated in Ontario by the \u0026lt;International Commercial Arbitration\r\nAct, R.S.O. 1990, c. 1.9\u0026gt; (as am.).[ICCA]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn7\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=AltK style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;\r\nmargin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.2in;page-break-after:auto\u0027\u003e\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn7\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003eUnited Nations\r\nConvention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) The CISG is\r\nsometimes also referred to as the \u0026quot;Vienna Convention\u0026quot;., April 11,\r\n1980, S. Treaty Doc. No. 98-9 (1984), U.N. Doc. No. A/CONF.97/19, 1489 U.N.T.S.\r\n3, incorporated by, International Sale of Goods Act, R.S.O., ch. I-10 (1990)\r\n(Can.), available at:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.elaws.gov.on.ca/DBlaws/statutes/English/90i10_e.htm\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ewww.elaws.gov.on.ca/DBlaws/statutes/English/90i10_e.htm\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn8\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn8\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003eCurrently,\r\nseventy countries representing three-quarters of the world\u0027s trade are CISG\r\nsignatories. See \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.uncitralorg/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/1980CISG_status.html\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/\r\n1980CISG_status.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;, and see also, \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/countries/cntries.html\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/countries/\r\ncntries.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn9\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=AltK style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;\r\nmargin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.2in;page-break-after:auto\u0027\u003e\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn9\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003eThe Permanent\r\nCourt of Arbitration (PCA), has over one hundred member states and was\r\nestablished in 1899 to facilitate arbitration and other forms of dispute\r\nresolution between states, see the PCA website:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=363\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=363\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;;\r\nsee also, The \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eLondon\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e\r\nCourt of International Arbitration (LCIA) website: \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.lcia-arbitration.com/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.lcia-arbitration.com/\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\r\nThe International Court of Arbitration for the International Chamber of\r\nCommerce (ICA-ICC), \u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"http://wwwiccarbitration\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.ccarbitration\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.org/\u0026gt;;\r\nand ICC, International Chamber of Commerce Rules of Optional Conciliation.\r\n1995. reprinted in 1995 ICSID Review. 10, pp. 158-161; and the American\r\nArbitration Association (AAA)-International Centre for Dispute Resolution , the\r\ninternational division of the AAA, which was established in 1996 to provide the\r\nsame high quality alternative dispute resolution (ADR) services available in\r\nthe \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eU.S.\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nto individuals and organizations around the globe.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn10\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn10\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003eICSID was\r\nestablished under the \u0026lt;Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes\r\nbetween States and Nationals of Other States\u0026gt; (the Convention) which came\r\ninto force on October 14, 1966. See the World Bank-ICSID website: \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.worldbank.org/icsid/index.html\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.worldbank.org/icsid/index.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn11\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn11\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003eBased in \u003cst1:City\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eGeneva\u003c/st1:City\u003e, \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eSwitzerland\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e,\r\nthe WIPO Arbitration and \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eMediation\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e\r\n \u003cst1:PlaceType w:st=\"on\"\u003eCenter\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e was established in\r\n1994 to offer Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) options, specifically\r\narbitration and mediation, for the resolution of international commercial\r\ndisputes between private parties. See the WIPO website: \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/centerlindex.html\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:windowtext;\r\ntext-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.wipo.int/\r\namc/en/center/index.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn12\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn12\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003eFor a list of\r\narbitral organizations for the North American Free Trade Agreement among the \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eU.S.\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eCanada\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nand \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eMexico\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e,\r\nsee the NAFTA Secretariat website: \u0026lt;\u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.nafta-secalena.org/DefaultSite/index_e.aspx?DetailID=867\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.nafta-secalena.org/DefaultSite/index_e.aspx?DetailID=867\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn13\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn13\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003eFinishing Before\r\nYou Start, supra note I, at 46.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn14\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn14\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003e Indian\r\nsubcontinent\u0026quot;. New Oxford Dictionary of English (ISBN 0-19-860441-6) New\r\nYork: Oxford University Press, 2001; p. 929: \u0026quot;the part of Asia south of\r\nthe Himalayas which forms a peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean, between\r\nthe Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Historically forming the whole territory\r\nof greater \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eIndia\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, the region\r\nis now divided between \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eIndia\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e,\r\n\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, and \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eBangladesh\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nafter partition in 1947. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn15\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:\r\n4.0pt;margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn15\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003eThe panchayat raj\r\nis a \u003cu\u003eSouth Asian political system\u003c/u\u003e mainly in \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cu\u003eIndia\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cu\u003e,\r\n\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/u\u003e and \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cu\u003eNepal\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e.\r\n\u0026quot;Panchayat\u0026quot; literally means assembly (yat) of five (panch) wise and\r\nrespected elders chosen and accepted by the \u003cu\u003evillage\u003c/u\u003e community.\r\nTraditionally, these assemblies settled disputes between individuals and\r\nvillages.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv style=\u0027mso-element:footnote\u0027 id=ftn16\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=AltK style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;\r\nmargin-left:.2in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:-.2in;page-break-after:auto\u0027\u003e\u003ca\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-footnote-id:ftn16\u0027 href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\" title=\"\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=MsoFootnoteReference\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";\r\nmso-bidi-font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003eThis paper has\r\nbeen prepared by \u003cb\u003eZafar Iqbal Kalanauri\u003c/b\u003e Mediator and Advocate Supreme\r\nCourt Pakistan, and published by \u003cb\u003ePakistan Alternate Dispute Resolution\r\nCentre\u003c/b\u003e (the only private forum in Pakistan where the experts in different\r\nfields resolve disputes outside the court room using different \u003cb\u003eADR\u003c/b\u003e\r\nmechanisms), 128-A, Upper Mall Scheme Lahore, Pakistan. Web: \u003ca\r\nhref=\"http://www.zklawassociates.com\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:\r\nnone;text-underline:none\u0027\u003ehttp://www.zklawassociates.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoFootnoteText style=\u0027margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n-.2in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:7.0pt;font-family:\"Bookman Old Style\";mso-bidi-font-family:\r\n\"Bookman Old Style\"\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca\r\nhref=\"mailto:kalanauri@gmail.com\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:windowtext;text-decoration:\r\nnone;text-underline:none\u0027\u003eE-Mail: kalanauri@gmail.com\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e Tel: (92-42)\r\n35760171 Mobil: (92)-314-4224411 and (92)-0300-4511823.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n\u003c/head\u003e\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"