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{behavior:url(#default#VML);}\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eINTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN PAKISTAN*\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"place\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"country-region\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"City\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"PlaceType\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"PlaceName\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"State\"/\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003eAdil Hafeez\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  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\u003c/w:LatentStyles\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if !mso]\u003e\u003cobject\r\n classid=\"clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D\" id=ieooui\u003e\u003c/object\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\nst1\\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) }\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n\u003c!--\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal\r\n\t{mso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmargin:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\nspan.SpellE\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"\";\r\n\tmso-spl-e:yes;}\r\nspan.GramE\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"\";\r\n\tmso-gram-e:yes;}\r\n@page Section1\r\n\t{size:8.5in 11.0in;\r\n\tmargin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 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v:ext=\"edit\"\u003e\r\n  \u003co:idmap v:ext=\"edit\" data=\"1\"/\u003e\r\n \u003c/o:shapelayout\u003e\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003c/head\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eINTELLECTUAL\r\nPROPERTY RIGHTS IN \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePAKISTAN\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e*\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eBy\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eKamran\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAdil\u003c/span\u003e\u0026quot; \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eKhalid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eIshaq\u003c/span\u003e\u0027\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003eINTRODUCTION\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nlaw locks up the mart or woman who steals the goose from \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eoff \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ethe\r\ncommon and geese will still a common lack till they go and steal it back.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\ndebate about the artificial nature of intellectual property rights is not new.\r\nThere is a sharp difference of opinion: some argue that information cannot be\r\nmonopolized,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eIn\r\nwriting this article we are indebted to many a soul. \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eOur\r\nspecial thanks to Mr. \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eYasin\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eTahir\u003c/span\u003e,\r\nEx-DG of IPO-Pakistan, Mr. Muhammad \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIsmail\u003c/span\u003e, DD of \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eIPO Lahore\u003c/span\u003e, Mr. \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eRizwan\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eBasharat\u003c/span\u003e, Ex DD of IPO-Lahore, Mr. \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHassan\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003elrfan\u003c/span\u003e Khan.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e***\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eKamran\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAdil\u003c/span\u003e\r\nis an officer of Police Service of Pakistan. He has done his LLB (\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eHons\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariah\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp;Law from the\r\nInternational Islamic University\u003csub\u003e.\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003eIslamabad\u003c/st1:City\u003e,\r\nand has done his BCL from the \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceType w:st=\"on\"\u003eUniversity\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e\r\n of \u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eOxford\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e***\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eKhalid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIshaq\u003c/span\u003e\r\nis \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ePractising\u003c/span\u003e Law at \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eLahore\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e. He has done his LLB (\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eHons\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eShariah\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e \u0026amp; Law from the International Islamic\r\nUniversity Islamabad, and has\u003c/span\u003e done his LL.M (Corporate Law) from the\r\nUniversity College London \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003etherefore the\r\nconcept of intellectual property is artificial and must be demolished; others\r\ncontend that \u0027it is the legal form of information age\u0027\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e and is a \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003esine qua non of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003ethe capital economy. In \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u0027s\r\ncase, the IP \u0027 laws predate its independence; the IP regime was recondite. A\r\nnew impetus, however, was added to the IP regime after \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e became\r\npart of the World Trade Organization and after ratifying the Trade Related\r\nIntellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. Consequently, rewriting the old\r\nIP laws was done besides establishing new infrastructure in form of\r\nIntellectual Property Organization of Pakistan, which introduced the concept of\r\nintegrated management of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPs\u003c/span\u003e in \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e. The\r\nfocus of the instant article is to ascertain the state of enforcement of IP in \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e. The\r\narticle does not pass a judgment on the state of enforcement of IP in \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e: it\r\ntries to identify the framework in \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ewhich\u0027enforcement\u003c/span\u003e\r\nis being carried out and tries to highlight the salient features and key\r\nindicators related to enforcement. The writing\u0027s scope is confined to trade\r\nmarks and patents only. After briefly discussing the literature on the issue,\r\nresearch methodology has been explained. Later, the article is organized into\r\nfour sections. Section one has attempted to provide an overview of the subject,\r\nboth theoretically as well as on practical side in \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e. It elaborates the core\r\nconcepts and then explains how the implementation mechanism works in \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e. In\r\npart two, the enforcement of trade marks is analyzed in the light\u003csub\u003e,\u003c/sub\u003e\r\nof available data. The third section focuses on enforcement of patents.\r\nFinally, the fourth section comes up with conclusions and recommendations.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003eREVIEW OF THE LITERATURE\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eVery\r\nlittle has been written on the enforcement of intellectual property rights (\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e) in \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e.\r\nThe official version, which is documented in Annual Report\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e of\r\nIntellectual Property Organization-Pakistan (IPO), has a full-fledged chapter\r\non the IPR enforcement. The chapter is descriptive and has no statistical base\r\nto support the claims made in the report. It also outlines the \u0027Enforcement\r\nAchievements\u0027. On analysis, it appears that there is no scientific or\r\nadministrative basis of these \u0027Enforcement\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e________________________\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e1 \u003c/sup\u003eJames Boyle, \u0026quot;A\r\nPolitics of Intellectual Property\u0026quot;, \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ein \u003c/span\u003eIntellectual\r\nProperty Rights, ed. David \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eVaver\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003eLondon\u003c/st1:City\u003e\r\nand \u003cst1:State w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eNew York\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:State\u003e:\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eRoutledge\u003c/span\u003e Taylor and Francis Group, 2006), 369.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Intellectual\r\nProperty Organization, Annual Report \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e2008-09 \u003c/span\u003e(\u003cst1:City\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eIslamabad\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e: Official\r\nPrinters), Chapter 8.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eAchievements\u0027,\r\nwhich are, indeed, the details of steps taken by IPO and other agencies for\r\ncoordination \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eAnother\u003c/span\u003e piece of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ewriting is by Mr. \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHassan\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eIrfan\u003c/span\u003e Khan, a leading lawyer of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e who stated in an article that \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nprovides adequate and effective protection to patent owners\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e. In\r\nsupport of his view, he has presented four cases decided by courts. He has\r\nhighlighted the outcomes of the cases; however, more legal analysis on the\r\npoint was expected from an expert of his standing. For example, in a case cited\r\nin his article to support his viewpoint (i.e., \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eKhawaja\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eTahir\u003c/span\u003e Jamal\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e), \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ethe patent owner was able to get an interim\r\ninjunction order in his \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003efavour\u003c/span\u003e from the Lahore High\r\nCourt, but in intra-court appeal in the same Court, the judges of the Divisional\r\nBench, modified the interim injunction order and allowed the infringer of the\r\npatent \u0027to produce but not to market\u0027 the product (sheet glass). This\r\nmodification in the interim order and its impact on the final outcome of the\r\ncase has not been fully discussed by the learned author. Likewise, the issues\r\nof access, evidence, procedure, damages, prosecution and the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003etime it takes to get the final order have not been\r\ndiscussed at\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e all. Finally, in \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u0027s specific context, an expert mission\r\nwas appointed by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to provide\r\nexpert input to \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\non National Intellectual Property Strategy, which produced its detailed reports\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e.\r\nA portion of the report dealt with enforcement and dispute resolution. The\r\nreport did not comment on the existing system of enforcement of IP in\u003csub\u003e.\u003c/sub\u003e\r\n\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nand sufficed by only offering its very general recommendations. At\r\ninternational level, \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e\u0027 enforcement related\r\nliterature is sparse. An article by L.T.C. Harms\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e shows how South\r\nAfrican Courts, by applying principles of Common Law, have tried to implement\r\nIP laws. However, in this article, there is no statistical data and the author\r\nhas not provided any framework, which can be useful for anyone who wishes to\r\nexamine the enforcement status of his\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e___________________________\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHassan\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIrfan\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eKhan\u003c/span\u003e, \u0026quot;\u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e Recent\r\nTrends in Patent Enforcement\u0026quot;, under \u0026quot;Building and\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003eEnforcing\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eProperty\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eValue\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003e2008\u0026quot;,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003ehttp://www.buildingiovalue.com/08\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003eAP/223-225United\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan class=GramE\u003eTrademark.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\n(accessed on 12 February 2011).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e 2005 Corporate Law\r\nDecisions 1768.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.6pt\u0027\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e Report on \u003c/span\u003eNational\r\nIntellectual \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003eProperty \u003c/span\u003eStrategy, by Ms.\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eLiew\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eWoon\u003c/span\u003e Yin, Ex DG of\r\nIPO, \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eSingapore\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e,\r\nborrowed from Mr. Muhammad \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIsmail\u003c/span\u003e, Deputy Director, \u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003eLahore\u003c/span\u003e IPO-Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eL.T.C.Harms\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n\u0026quot;The Role of the Judiciary in the Enforcement of Intellectual Property\r\nRights\u0026quot;, in Intellectual Property Rights, ed. David \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eVaver\u003c/span\u003e\r\n(\u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003eLondon\u003c/st1:City\u003e and \u003cst1:State w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eNew York\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:State\u003e: \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eRoutledge\u003c/span\u003e\r\nTaylor \u0026amp; Francis Group, 2006), 55. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ecountry\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003e. Likewise, Robin Jacob\u0027s\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e article is only relevant to\r\nadvanced economies as it analyzes the state of affairs in the \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eUS\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, the \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eUK\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e and the EV. Again, the article\r\nhas no general framework or statistical data. The above writings do not\r\nsystematically deal with the issue at hand. Important generic questions have\r\nnot been asked. Some of the questions are: What is the difference between the\r\npublic and private enforcement mechanisms\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e? Which form of public or\r\nprivate enforcement is suitable for \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e,\r\nor should \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nbe opting for a mix of both private and public enforcement? In case of public\r\nenforcement, as is the present situation, should the enforcement be carried out\r\nby one or by multiple agencies? How effectiveness of enforcement of IP laws can\r\nbe measured? What are the problems with the existing systems? The instant\r\nwriting does not offer answers to all these questions; however, it does make an\r\neffort to systematically approach the subject and to offer an improved\r\nframework of analysis.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003eMETHODLOGY\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nmethodology used for conducting research in the paper is primarily analytical\r\nand would bear most on the time on the qualitative aspect of the matter. The\r\nmaterial collected for the research is based on primary and secondary sources.\r\nThe primary sources comprise interviews with source persons who have had the\r\naccess to the management of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e in \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e like\r\nEx. DG of Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan. The secondary sources\r\nconsist of number of reports, annual reviews, research papers and some pioneer\r\nworks on the subject. In order to make the research comprehensive, some of the\r\nstakeholders like representative of pharmaceutical industry \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ehave also \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003etallen\u003c/span\u003e on board\r\nand understanding about their view\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\r\npoint has also been developed and applied.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003e1.1 WHAT ARE IPRS?\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nterm \u0027Intellectual Property Rights\u0027 (\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e) is\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.1pt\u0027\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e Robin Jacob, One Size\r\nFits All?\u0026quot; in Intellectual Property Rights, ed. David \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eVaver\u003c/span\u003e\r\n(\u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003eLondon\u003c/st1:City\u003e and \u003cst1:State w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eNew York\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:State\u003e: \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eRoutledge\u003c/span\u003e\r\nTaylor \u0026amp; Francis Group, 2006), 61.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.1pt\u0027\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e A. Mitchell \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003ePolinsky\u003c/span\u003e and Steven \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShavell\u003c/span\u003e, The\r\nTheory of Public Enforcement of Law\u0026quot;, \u003c/span\u003eNational Bureau of Economic Research\r\nWorking Paper No. \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.1pt\u0027\u003e1170,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003ehttp://www.nber.org/papers/w11780 (accessed on 12\r\nFebruary 2011), \u003cspan class=GramE\u003e1 ,\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003egeneric\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e and its subject-matter is disparate\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e and\r\nexpansive by \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003enatu\u003csup\u003e\u0027\u003c/sup\u003ere\u003csup\u003ell\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. There\r\nis an insistent \u0027encounter\u0027 between the concept of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e\r\nand development\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e, especially after the introduction of Trade\r\nRelated Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) under the framework of\r\nWorld Trade Organization (WTO\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e)\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. There is\r\nno definition of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e which highlights the essential\r\nattributes of the term\u0026quot;; however, there are inclusive definitions\r\navailable, for example, the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual\r\nProperty Organization 1967 offers the following listing definition:-\u0026#8209;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eLiterary\r\nartistic and scientific works; performances of performing artists, phonograms,\r\nand broadcasts; inventions in all fields of human endeavor; scientific\r\ndiscoveries; industrial designs; Trade Marks, service marks, and commercial\r\nnames and designations; protection against unfair competition....\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nabove stated definition, in practice, focuses\u0027 on patents, copyrights, Trade\r\nMarks, industrial designs, geographical indications, service marks, \u0027derivative\r\nworks\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e, and \u0027the repression of unfair competition\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e etc.\r\nIn \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e,\r\nthe \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e were introduced prior to its independence\r\nthrough\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e_______________________\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e9\u003c/sup\u003e Dr. Peter \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eDrahos\u003c/span\u003e, -Me Universality of Intellectual Property Rights:\r\nOrigins and Development\u0026quot;, \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003ehttp: //\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003ewww.wipo.int/tk/en/hr/paneldiscussion/papers/pdf/drahos.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\r\n(accessed on 8 February 2011).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e Ibid\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e Ibid\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.3pt\u0027\u003eMargaret Chon, \u0026quot;Intellectual Property and the\r\nDevelopment Divide\u0026quot;, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.2pt\u0027\u003eCardozo\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eLaw Review 27, No.6,\r\nhtto://www.cardozolawreview:com/content/27-6/ \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eCHON.WEBSITE.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\r\n(accessed on 8 February 2011)\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e Ibid\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eDr. Peter \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eDrahos\u003c/span\u003e, The\r\nUniversality of Intellectual Property Rights: Origins and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.25pt\u0027\u003eDevelopment\u0026quot;, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.35pt\u0027\u003ehttp://www.wipo.int/tk/en/hr/paneldiscussion/papers/pdf/drahos.pdf \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e(accessed on 8 February 2011)\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eArticle 2(viii) of the World Intellectual Property\r\nOrganization Convention 1967\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eArticle 2(3) of \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eBerne\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\nConvention for the Literary and Artistic Works 1886.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eArticle 1(2) of \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eParis\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e Convention for the Protection of\r\nIndustrial Property 1883. The inclusion of \u0027unfair competition\u0027 in the list of \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e is interesting as this shows linkages of \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e with anti-trust laws and it must be appreciated that\r\nin the present world, competition and anti-trust law have emerged as an\r\nindependent area, for example, see Articles 101 and 102 of the EU Treaty 1992\r\nfor European Law, Sections 1 and 2 of Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890 for the US\r\nlaw, Pakistan\u0027s Competition Act 2010 for Pakistan\u0027s law.\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003evarious legislations\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e; however, after\r\nacceding to WTO and TRIPS, new legislations were introduced\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e, which\r\ndealt with different types of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e like patents,\r\nTrade Marks and copyrights. Since \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e2005,\r\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ethe enforcement of these \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e has been entrusted to one organization styled as\r\nIntellectual Property Organization Pakistan\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e (IPO-Pakistan).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003e1.2 EVOLUTION OF \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u0027The\r\nhistory of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e traces itself back to 1474 when\r\nVenetians introduced the patent law\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e. For linking the past to the\r\npresent, the evolutionary period can conveniently be divided into three\r\nperiods: the Territorial, the International and the Global. The Territorial\r\nPeriod was marked by close relationship between sovereignty of a country and\r\nits \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e \u0027protection, which meant that \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e were national in their application and had no impact\r\nin other countries\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e. Later the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003eInternational Period started, which resulted in many bilateral\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e and multilateral agreements amongst the countries.\r\nThe salient point of this era was that these bilateral and multilateral\r\nagreements emanated out of reciprocity\u003csup\u003e23\u003c/sup\u003e as 1838 and 1844 saw the \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eUK\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e offering\r\nrecognition to foreign authors based on reciprocity. Resultantly by 1883, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e69 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ebilateral\r\nagreements between different countries had taken place\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e. Paris\r\nConvention for the Protection of Industrial Property \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e1883 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eand\r\nBerne Convention for the Literary and Artistic Works \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e1886 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ealso\r\ngot agreed in the International Period. One of the implications of this period\r\nis that broadly speaking the period introduced broad distinctions between\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003e_________________________________\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e For example,\r\nPatents and Designs Act 1911, Merchandise Marks Act 1889, Trade Marks Act 1940\r\nand Sections 478 to 489 of Pakistan Penal Code 1860.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e For example: the\r\nIntellectual Property Organization of Pakistan Ordinance, 2005, Patents\r\nOrdinance 2000 (amended in 2002 and 2006), Trade Marks Ordinance 2001,\r\nCopyright Ordinance 1962 (amended in 2000), the Registered Designs Ordinance,\r\n2000, the Registered Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits Ordinance, 2000.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e Established under\r\nthe Intellectual Property Organization Ordinance 2005, which got re-promulgated\r\nagain and again and its latest promulgation came in 2009. However, after the\r\npassage of Eighteenth Constitutional Amendment, the procedure for promulgating\r\nan Ordinance has been qualified and it is yet to be seen how the new amendment\r\nwill affect IPO.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e Dr. Peter \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eDrahos\u003c/span\u003e, \u0026quot;The Universality of Intellectual Property\r\nRights: Origins and Development\u0026quot;, http://vvww.vvipo.int/tk/en/hr/paneldiscussion/\r\npapers/\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003epdfdrahos.pdf\u003c/span\u003e (accessed on 8 February 2011).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e Ibid\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e23 \u003c/sup\u003eIbid\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e Ibid\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIndustrial\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e (Paris Convention phenomenon) and Copyrights\r\n(Berne Convention phenomenon\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e)\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/span\u003e. Finally,\r\nthe Global Period set in. The chief characteristic of this Period is that it\r\nlinked the trade with \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e. This Global Period has\r\nhad its impact on \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e.\r\nBefore \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e2005 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ePakistan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u0027s \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e\u0027 image was\r\ndefined by its performance in enforcement of copyrights where it did not enjoy\r\na respectable position. It was ranked as fourth largest exporter of pirated\r\noptical discs of the world\u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e, and in the category of business\r\nsoftware, the piracy \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eratio was \u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003eplaced ,at\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.55pt\u0027\u003e82%\u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ePakistan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u0027s \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e management was\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e fragmented as patents were managed by Ministry of\r\nIndustries and Production through its Patent Office, Trade Marks were managed\r\nby Ministry of Commerce through Trade Marks Registry and copyrights were\r\nmanaged by Ministry of Education\u003csup\u003e28\u003c/sup\u003e through Copyright Office. After\r\nestablishing of .IPO-Pakistan, besides other steps, two major steps were taken:\r\nfirst, the model of integrated management of intellectual property was\r\nintroduced which brought an end to the fragmented system of IP creation,\r\nmanagement and enforcement. The Patent Office, Trade Marks Registry and\r\nCopyright Office were brought under the control of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPO Pakistan\u003c/span\u003e,\r\nwhich in turn was put under the administrative control of Cabinet Division.\r\nSecondly, in order to formulate a National Intellectual Property Strategy, in\r\ncollaboration with World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), a\r\nConsultant was appointed\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e. The Consultant (Ms. \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eLiew\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eWoon\u003c/span\u003e) conducted a National Audit, which provided\r\nuseful insight into \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u0027s\r\nIP creation and management system. The National Audit highlighted: -\u0026#8209;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e(\u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e) Lack of awareness of IP matters at government, industrial\r\nand individual levels;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e(b)\r\nPerception by \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSMEs\u003c/span\u003e that \u0027cost of registration\u0027 is a\r\nbarrier in creation of IP portfolio;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e(c)\r\nNo over-arching national framework or commitment for effective IP management;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e__________________________\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eChakravarthi\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eRaghavan\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eRecolonization\u003c/span\u003e\r\nGATT, the \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eUruguay\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e Round\r\n\u0026amp; the \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eThird World\u003c/st1:place\u003e (Third World Network,\r\n1990), 121\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e Intellectual\r\nProperty \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eOrganization\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e Review 2005.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003e Ibid\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e28\u003c/sup\u003e Ibid\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e Ms. \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eLiew\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eWoon\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eYin\u003c/span\u003e,\r\nDirector General of Intellectual Property Office of \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eSingapore\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e in 2005.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e(d)\r\nIP not integrated into other policies of \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e. For\u003cbr\u003e\r\nexample, industrial policy was silent on \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e etc.\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003e1.3 LEGAL FRAMEWORK\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eLegal\r\nframework of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e has been spread over national and\r\ninternational levels. At international level, the law of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIPRs\u003c/span\u003e\r\nis contained in various instruments\u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e which include Paris Convention\r\nfor the Protection of Industrial Property 1883, Berne Convention for the\r\nLiterary and Artistic Works 1886, Paris Convention, Brussels Convention\r\nRelating to the distribution of the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eprogramme\u003c/span\u003e-carrying\r\nsignals by satellite 1974. The most important is the TRIPS which must be read\r\nwith the WTO Agreement. At national level, there are as many as six\r\nlegislations dealing with different subjects. These legislations are:\u003csub\u003e,\u003c/sub\u003e\r\nthe Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan Ordinance, 2009, Patents\r\nOrdinance 2000 (amended in 2002 and 2006), Trade Marks Ordinance 2001, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eCopyright Ordinance 1962 (amended in. 2000), the\r\nRegistered\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e Designs Ordinance, 2000,\r\nthe Registered Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits Ordinance\u003csup\u003e\u0027\u003c/sup\u003e,\r\n2000\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e. The rules formulated under the legislations are: the Patent\r\nRules 2003, the Trade Marks Rules 2004, the Copyright Rules 2004, etc. Besides,\r\ndraft legislations on Plant Breeders Rights (PBR) and Geographical Indications\r\n(GIs) have been prepared\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003e1.4 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIP\r\ninstitutional infrastructure was in place since 1948. The Patents and Designs\r\nOffice and \u0027the Trade Marks Registry were established in \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eKarachi\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e in 1948, the Copyright Office was\r\nestablished in 1967\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e. The institutional management was fragmented\r\nas the management of IP was done by three ministries: Ministry of Industries\r\nand Production (Patents)\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e,.\u003c/span\u003e Ministry of Commerce (Trade\r\nMarks) and Ministry of Education (Copyrights) However, after 2005,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e_____________________\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eReport on \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u0027s\r\nNational Intellectual Property Strategy by Ms. \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eLiew\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eWoon\u003c/span\u003e Yin\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e About twenty four\r\nconventions/treaties and agreements as shown on the website of WIPO;\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003ecomplete\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003elist\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003ecan\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003ebe\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003eseen\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e     \u003c/span\u003eat\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e32 \u003c/span\u003ehttp://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e By Section 96(2) of\r\nthe Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act 2010, a new Article 270AA H2) has\r\nbeen added to (substitute the earlier Article 270 AA) the Constitution of\r\nPakistan 1973 which provides for continuance in force of the above stated\r\nlegislation (which is mostly done through \u0027Ordinances\u0027) unless specifically\r\nrepealed by the competent authority.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eIPO \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003eReport\u003c/span\u003e 2008-2009\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e IPO \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003eReview\u003c/span\u003e 2005\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=GramE\u003ethe\u003c/span\u003e\r\ninstitutional framework was revised and by introducing IPO-Pakistan through\r\nintegrated management, the scenario was changed. IPO-Pakistan has its\r\nheadquarters at \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003eIslamabad\u003c/st1:City\u003e and its three\r\nregistries are located at \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003eKarachi\u003c/st1:City\u003e besides having\r\nregional office in \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eLahore\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e.\r\nThe following figure will help to elaborate the institutional framework.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c!--[if gte vml 1]\u003e\u003cv:shapetype\r\n id=\"_x0000_t75\" coordsize=\"21600,21600\" o:spt=\"75\" o:preferrelative=\"t\"\r\n path=\"m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe\" filled=\"f\" stroked=\"f\"\u003e\r\n \u003cv:stroke joinstyle=\"miter\"/\u003e\r\n \u003cv:formulas\u003e\r\n  \u003cv:f eqn=\"if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cv:f eqn=\"sum @0 1 0\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cv:f eqn=\"sum 0 0 @1\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cv:f eqn=\"prod @2 1 2\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cv:f eqn=\"prod @3 21600 pixelWidth\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cv:f eqn=\"prod @3 21600 pixelHeight\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cv:f eqn=\"sum @0 0 1\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cv:f eqn=\"prod @6 1 2\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cv:f eqn=\"prod @7 21600 pixelWidth\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cv:f eqn=\"sum @8 21600 0\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cv:f eqn=\"prod @7 21600 pixelHeight\"/\u003e\r\n  \u003cv:f eqn=\"sum @10 21600 0\"/\u003e\r\n \u003c/v:formulas\u003e\r\n \u003cv:path o:extrusionok=\"f\" gradientshapeok=\"t\" o:connecttype=\"rect\"/\u003e\r\n \u003co:lock v:ext=\"edit\" aspectratio=\"t\"/\u003e\r\n\u003c/v:shapetype\u003e\u003cv:shape id=\"_x0000_s1026\" type=\"#_x0000_t75\" style=\u0027position:absolute;\r\n left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:12.95pt;margin-top:1.5pt;width:295.6pt;\r\n height:103pt;z-index:1;mso-wrap-edited:f\u0027 wrapcoords=\"0 158 0 21127 21600 21127 21600 158 0 158\"\u003e\r\n \u003cv:imagedata src=\"2012J24_files/image001.wmz\" o:title=\"\"/\u003e\r\n\u003c/v:shape\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c![if !vml]\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-ignore:vglayout\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ctable cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 align=left\u003e\r\n \u003ctr\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=17 height=2\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\r\n \u003c/tr\u003e\r\n \u003ctr\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd\u003e\u003cimg width=394 height=137 src=\"2012J24_files/image002.gif\" v:shapes=\"_x0000_s1026\"\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\r\n \u003c/tr\u003e\r\n\u003c/table\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cbr style=\u0027mso-ignore:vglayout\u0027 clear=ALL\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eFIGURE 1:\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eINSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK OF IP MANAGEMENT IN \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePAKISTAN\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n\u003c/head\u003e\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"