"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"2012J1_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eDISTRIBUTION OF POWERS AND ADAPTATION OF LAWS IN PAKISTAN\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003eAdil Hafeez\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eAdil Hafeez\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e2\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  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@page\r\n\t{mso-page-border-surround-header:no;\r\n\tmso-page-border-surround-footer:no;}\r\n@page Section1\r\n\t{size:8.5in 11.0in;\r\n\tmargin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 10]\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n table.MsoNormalTable\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\";\r\n\tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-style-noshow:yes;\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\r\n\tmso-para-margin:0in;\r\n\tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-ansi-language:#0400;\r\n\tmso-fareast-language:#0400;\r\n\tmso-bidi-language:#0400;}\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003c/head\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in;text-justify-trim:punctuation\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:center;\r\nmso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;\r\ntext-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eDISTRIBUTION OF\r\nPOWERS AND ADAPTATION OF LAWS IN PAKISTAN\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:center;\r\nmso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;\r\ntext-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eBy\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:center;\r\nmso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;mso-layout-grid-align:none;\r\ntext-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eMohsin Abbas Syed\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eFederal principle of the United States\r\nConstitution has influenced the world more than the financial and military\r\nmight of the United States. More than eighty per cent of the world\u0027s population\r\nlives in federal or semi-federal states.\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Even the authors\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\r\nof the Federalist Papers may never have imagined that charisma of federalism\r\nwill win the heart and minds of the world. Federalism in India and Pakistan has\r\nbeen interpreted by the Supreme Courts as part of the basic structure of the\r\nconstitutions of these nations.\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e The power of the Parliaments to\r\namend their respective constitutions does not include the power to alter the\r\nbasic structure of the constitution including the federal principle.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eK.C. Wheare defines the federal principle\r\nto mean the method of dividing powers so that the federation and federating\r\nunits are each, within a sphere, coordinate and independent.\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e What\r\nis necessary for the federal principle is not merely that the federation, like\r\nthe federating units, should operate directly upon the people, but, further,\r\nthat each Government should be limited to its own sphere and, within that\r\nsphere, should be independent of the other\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e Existence of a\r\nconcurrent jurisdiction in some matters is not necessarily incompatible with\r\nthe federal principle. But if there is a concurrent jurisdiction, there must\r\nexist also some provision to determine which authority, in case of conflict, is\r\nto prevail.\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e K.C. Wheare also argued in favour of a single list for\r\ndistribution of powers between federation and federating units.\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e He\r\ncalled the person a supreme draftsman who could draw three lists and no charge\r\nof overlapping could be brought against them and declared a second exclusive\r\nlist a great nuisance by citing the Canadian example.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eDrafting legislation in a federation poses\r\na unique challenge. For example, inter state commerce clause\u003csup\u003e9.\u003c/sup\u003e in\r\nthe United States Constitution has been used by the US Congress to regulate\r\nactivities like meatpacking,\u003csup\u003e10\u003c/sup\u003e labour relations,\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e\r\nagriculture,\u003csup\u003e12.\u003c/sup\u003e civil rights\u003csup\u003e13\u003c/sup\u003e and education.\u003csup\u003e14\u003c/sup\u003e\r\nBut situation in Pakistan differs from the United States because historically\r\nthere were subjects which were specifically federal, provincial or concurrent.\r\nIf any of those subjects are missing from the existing single federal list, it\r\nhas to be construed as provincial subject. Despite this, Parliament of Pakistan\r\nhas recently enacted an Act\u003csup\u003e15\u003c/sup\u003e for reconstruction and rehabilitation\r\nof earthquake hit areas presumably invoking the entry of national planning and\r\nnational economic coordination.\u003csup\u003e16\u003c/sup\u003e If this Act is upheld by the\r\nSupreme Court, the national planning entry may become the commerce clause of\r\nthe Constitution of Pakistan.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003ePakistan is a federation right from its\r\ninception\u003csup\u003e17\u003c/sup\u003e except for the periods it remained under military rule.\r\nFederal principle was reflected in every constitutional dispensation.\u003csup\u003e18\u003c/sup\u003e\r\nWhenever powers are distributed or re-distributed, number of issues surface\r\nbecause of any such dispensation and sometimes it is not possible to envisage\r\nall the future issues while decision about distribution or re-distribution of\r\npowers is being made. The Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act 2010 has\r\nomitted the Concurrent Legislative List in order to transfer powers to the\r\nprovinces in furtherance of federal principle and to have simplest\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eform\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eof\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003edistribution\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eof\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003epowers\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ewith\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eone\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eexclusive\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eFederal Legislative\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eList. This\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ere-distribution\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eof\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003epowers\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ehas\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eraised\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003emany\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003eissues\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eof its own\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-top:5.4pt;margin-right:.05in;margin-bottom:\r\n1.8pt;margin-left:.2in;text-align:justify;text-indent:.3in;mso-pagination:none;\r\nmso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cu\u003eHistorical Prospective\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eIn order to understand the problem posed\r\nby re-distribution of powers under the Eighteenth Amendment, one has to\r\nconsider the historical prospective of distribution and re-distribution of\r\npowers in Pakistan. Reconstitution of India on federal basis was a popular\r\ndemand of the then indigenous political leadership. The Nehru Report\u003csup\u003e19\u003c/sup\u003e\r\nof 1928 proposed that in the Federation of India, the provinces be assigned\r\nenumerated functions and the residuary powers may be assigned to the Centre.\r\nDemand for Federal Constitution with residuary powers vested in the provinces\r\nwas the first point in Jinnah\u0027s Fourteen Points\u003csup\u003e20\u003c/sup\u003e of 1929.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003cu\u003eGovernment of India Act 1935\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eThe Government of India Act 1935\r\nreconstituted India on federal basis with eleven provinces. This Act provided\r\nthree lists i.e. Federal Legislative List, Provincial Legislative List and\r\nConcurrent Legislative List to distribute legislative as well as executive\r\npowers between the centre and the provinces.\u003csup\u003e21\u003c/sup\u003e The Governor-General\r\nwas authorized to empower either the Federal Legislature or the Provincial\r\nLegislature to enact law with respect to any residuary matter not enumerated in\r\nany of the three lists.\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e The federal law on a concurrent subject\r\nhad overriding effect over a provincial law on the same subject.\u003csup\u003e23.\u003c/sup\u003e\r\nThis Act saved the existing laws until those laws are altered, repealed or\r\namended by a competent legislature.\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e His Majesty, by Order in\r\nCouncil, was empowered to direct that any law shall have effect subject to such\r\nadaptation and modification as appeared to His Majesty to be necessary for\r\nbringing that law into accord with the provisions of the Act.\u003csup\u003e25\u003c/sup\u003e The\r\nGovernment of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order 1937 was passed by\r\nadapting the existing laws as central or provincial laws in order to clearly\r\ndistribute the existing laws amongst the Central or Provincial Legislatures on\r\nthe basis of subjects in the three legislative lists. This Act continued to be\r\nthe temporary Constitution of Pakistan under the Indian Independence Act 1947.\u003csup\u003e26\u003c/sup\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003cu\u003eConstitution of 1956\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eConstitution of Pakistan 1956 contained\r\nthree lists on the pattern of the Government of India Act 1935 for distribution\r\nof powers between the federation and the provinces.\u003csup\u003e27\u003c/sup\u003e The existing\r\nlaws were given lease of life subject to necessary adaptation.\u003csup\u003e28\u003c/sup\u003e The\r\nPresident was required to pass order within three years for adaptations and\r\nmodifications of the existing laws. He may also authorize the Governor of a\r\nprovince to exercise the same powers with respect to the laws relating to\r\nmatters enumerated in the Provincial List.\u003csup\u003e29\u003c/sup\u003e But this Constitution\r\nhad not survived for three years due to the imposition of martial law in 1958.\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003cu\u003eConstitution of 1962\u003c/u\u003e.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eFederal principle was kept intact,\r\nalthough, to a lesser degree in the Constitution of Pakistan 1962. Only one\r\nlegislative list was provided in this Constitution enumerating the matters on\r\nwhich the Central Legislature had exclusive jurisdiction to legislate. The\r\nCentral Legislature may also legislate on a residuary subject in the \u0027national\r\ninterest\u0027.\u003csup\u003e31\u003c/sup\u003e Thus a highly centralized federal system was\r\nestablished.\u003csup\u003e32\u003c/sup\u003e A central law was to prevail over a provincial law in\r\ncase of a conflict between them.\u003csup\u003e33\u003c/sup\u003e This Constitution also protected\r\nthe existing laws subject to their necessary adaptation and required the\r\nPresident to make adaptation of laws through an Order to be passed within two\r\nyears of the commencing day of the Constitution.\u003csup\u003e34\u003c/sup\u003e The President may\r\nalso authorize the Governor of a province to pass similar order with respect to\r\nwhich a Provincial Legislature has power to make laws.\u003csup\u003e35\u003c/sup\u003e The\r\nadaptation orders were passed in 1964 by the President and the Governor of the\r\nProvince of West Pakistan.\u003csup\u003e36\u003c/sup\u003e This Constitution could not last more\r\nthan seven years and another martial law was imposed in 1969.\u003csup\u003e37.\u003c/sup\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003cu\u003eConstitution of 1973\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eThe present Constitution of Pakistan\r\n(1973) initially provided two lists i.e. Federal Legislative List and\r\nConcurrent Legislative List for distribution of powers between the Federation\r\nand the Provinces.\u003csup\u003e38\u003c/sup\u003e Federal Legislature (Parliament) has the\r\nexclusive authority to make laws with respect to matters enumerated in the\r\nFederal Legislative List. The Parliament and a Provincial Assembly had the\r\npower to make laws with respect to matters mentioned in the Concurrent\r\nLegislative List and for residuary matters only a Provincial Assembly had the\r\npowers to make laws.\u003csup\u003e39\u003c/sup\u003e This Constitution also protected the existing\r\nlaws subject to adaptation through Adaptation Orders to be made by the\r\nPresident and the Governor of a province with the permission of the President.\u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003e\r\nThe Adaptation Orders were passed by the federation and all the four provinces\r\nin the year 1975.\u003csup\u003e41\u003c/sup\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003cu\u003eAdaptation\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eunder Eighteenth Amendment.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eIn all the constitutional arrangements\r\nprior to the enactment of the Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act 2010, a\r\nmechanism for adaptation of the existing laws was provided to give effect to\r\nthe revised scheme of distribution of powers between the Federal and Provincial\r\nLegislatures and executives. The federal government was given final say with\r\nrespect to the adaptation of the existing laws. This has been done to avoid\r\nconflicts between the federation and federating units on adaptation of the\r\nexisting laws.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eThe Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment)\r\nAct 2010 repealed\u003csup\u003e42\u003c/sup\u003e the Concurrent Legislative List but the subjects\r\nof electricity,\u003csup\u003e43\u003c/sup\u003e criminal law, criminal procedure and evidence\u003csup\u003e44\u003c/sup\u003e\r\nare still concurrent subjects on which the Federal Legislature (Parliament) and\r\nthe Provincial Assemblies may legislate. The Constitution, in case of conflict,\r\ngives primacy to the Federal law over a Provincial law made on a concurrent\r\nsubject.\u003csup\u003e45\u003c/sup\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eBut the Constitution (Eighteenth\r\nAmendment) Act 2010 after omitting the Concurrent Legislative List and\r\nre-distribution of powers between the Federation and the Provinces has only\r\nprotected the existing laws until these laws are altered, repealed or amended\r\nby the competent authority.\u003csup\u003e46\u003c/sup\u003e The competent authority to the extent\r\nof the existing laws has been defined to mean the appropriate legislature.\u003csup\u003e47\u003c/sup\u003e\r\nFor administrative devolution of matters to the provinces, the Federal\r\nGovernment constituted an Implementation Commission\u003csup\u003e48\u003c/sup\u003e but the\r\nImplementation Commission has no jurisdiction regarding adaptation of the\r\nexisting laws. This has been left to the each province, in fact to legislative\r\ndrafters, to determine the appropriate legislature for an existing law. It has\r\nnot even been envisaged that laws are not made by expressly invoking a specific\r\nentry in any of the legislative lists. Further, there are laws which have been\r\nmade on two or more subjects one of these subjects fall within the Federal\r\nLegislative List and the other subject has become a residuary subject on which\r\nonly a Provincial Assembly is competent to legislate. It has been left to the\r\nlegislative drafter of a province to decide or formulate an opinion as to the\r\npith and substance\u003csup\u003e49\u003c/sup\u003e of an existing law and whether there is an\r\nincidental encroachment\u003csup\u003e50\u003c/sup\u003e or it is a colourable legislation.\u003csup\u003e51\u003c/sup\u003e\r\nThe retention of concurrent legislative jurisdiction, although only to the\r\nextent of four subjects, has also been problematic in exercise of the\r\nlegislative authority. These subjects have not been enumerated in any list but\r\nhave been incorporated in the text of the Constitution.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003e\u003cu\u003eConclusion\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-bottom:.1in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.2in;mso-pagination:none;page-break-after:avoid;tab-stops:.5in;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eFederalism is deep rooted concept in\r\nPakistan. Smaller Provinces consistently demand more autonomy and transfer of\r\nfederal subjects to them. But redistribution of powers poses a real challenge\r\nfor a legislative drafter especially with respect to adaptation of the existing\r\nlaws. There are chances that drafters of provinces may differ in interpreting\r\nan existing law. A drafter may consider an existing law as a law on a residuary\r\nsubject and draft a bill for its adaptation by the Provincial Assembly. Still drafter\r\nof another province may genuinely treat it a federal law on the basis of\r\ngeneral entries in the Federal Legislative List like national planning,\r\ninter-provincial matters and coordination, and international treaties,\r\nconventions and agreements.\u003csup\u003e52\u003c/sup\u003e The issues of laws on multiple\r\nsubjects are more complex. Law of Higher Education Commission\u003csup\u003e53\u003c/sup\u003e is\r\njust one example of many such laws. Mere proposal for its reorganization on the\r\nbasis of re-distribution\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eof\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003epowers\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ehas\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ecreated\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ea\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \r\n\u003c/span\u003ehuge\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003euproar\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ein\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethe\r\nsociety especially academia. This situation may promote unnecessary conflicts\r\nand litigation, and courts may be asked to interpret entries in the Federal\r\nLegislative List. This could have been avoided if a clause promoting\r\ncooperative federalism is incorporated in the Eighteenth Amendment for building\r\nconsensus between federation and provinces on adaptation of the existing law\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n  \r\n\u003c/head\u003e\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"