"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"2010J26_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eADMIRALTY CONCEPT: WHO IS THE\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003eOratier\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eOratier\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e2\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  \u003co:TotalTime\u003e0\u003c/o:TotalTime\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Created\u003e2015-01-21T13:52:00Z\u003c/o:Created\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastSaved\u003e2015-01-21T13:52:00Z\u003c/o:LastSaved\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Pages\u003e1\u003c/o:Pages\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Words\u003e4592\u003c/o:Words\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Characters\u003e26180\u003c/o:Characters\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Company\u003eOratier\u003c/o:Company\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Lines\u003e218\u003c/o:Lines\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Paragraphs\u003e61\u003c/o:Paragraphs\u003e\r\n  \u003co:CharactersWithSpaces\u003e30711\u003c/o:CharactersWithSpaces\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Version\u003e11.5606\u003c/o:Version\u003e\r\n \u003c/o:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003cw:WordDocument\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:DoNotHyphenateCaps/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:PunctuationKerning/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing\u003e6 pt\u003c/w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing\u003e6 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Section1\r\n\t{size:8.5in 11.0in;\r\n\tmargin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 10]\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n table.MsoNormalTable\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\";\r\n\tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-style-noshow:yes;\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\r\n\tmso-para-margin:0in;\r\n\tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-ansi-language:#0400;\r\n\tmso-fareast-language:#0400;\r\n\tmso-bidi-language:#0400;}\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003c/head\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in;text-justify-trim:punctuation\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;\r\nmso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003eADMIRALTY CONCEPT: WHO IS THE\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;\r\nmso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eOFFENDER THE SHIPOWNER OR\r\nTHE SHIP\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;\r\nmso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.3pt\u0027\u003eAND WHO PAYS FOR IT?\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;\r\nmso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003eBy\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;\r\nmso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003eAdeel Abid\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center;mso-pagination:none;\r\nmso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003eAdvocate High Court\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eTHE ARREST OF\r\nVESSEL\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eThe Admiralty\r\nJurisdiction of High Courts Ordinance, \u003c/span\u003e1980 does not anywhere provide\r\nfor the arrest but in a suit filed \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003ein rem\r\nthe vessel is ordinarily arrested by an order passed ex \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eparte on an application under Rule 731 of the Sindh\r\nChief \u003c/span\u003eCourt Rules (O.S.) which reads as follows:--\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003e731. When a suit\r\nis instituted in rem, any party may \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eon\r\nfiling an affidavit, obtain from the Court a warrant for the arrest of the\r\nproperty proceeded against.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eBased on the above\r\nrule and words, \u0026quot;When security \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eshall\r\nhave been given in the sum in which the suit has been \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003einstituted or such sums shall have been paid into\r\nCourt...\u0026quot; \u003c/span\u003eoccurring in Rule 748 it was attempted to argue that the\r\nCourt has no discretion but to order security in the entire sum which has been\r\nclaimed in the suit. The Court repelled the argument \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.05pt\u0027\u003eand held in the Alexander\u0027s Faith (1), that \u0026quot;This rule referred to\r\n\u003c/span\u003eabove cannot override the power of the Court to order release of \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003ethe property arrested either unconditionally or\r\nupon such \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003econdition as it may deem\r\nfit in the circumstances of the case, \u003c/span\u003eupon hearing the parties while\r\ndisposing of the application for arrest of property finally.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eThus the plaintiff\r\nis bound to make out strong case for \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003ethe\r\narrest of the vessel and has to satisfy the Court as to the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003egenuineness of his claim as well as the\r\nmaintainability of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003esuit before\r\nhe can obtain an order of arrest.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eIt may, however,\r\nbe distinctly remembered that an \u003c/span\u003eadmiralty suit cannot be equated with\r\nan ordinary suit filed on \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003ethe original side.\r\nThe Court, therefore held in Nedon (2), that \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.15pt\u0027\u003ethe principles on which an order of injunction or an attachment \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003ebefore judgment is passed are not quite relevant to\r\nan \u003c/span\u003eapplication for the arrest of a vessel. Foreign vessels call at the \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eports in Pakistan for the specific and avowed\r\npurpose of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003edischarging and loading\r\ncargo and then to sail away. The \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eargument\r\nthat the vessel is likely to sail away is misplaced for \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003ethe purpose of an order for arrest. The object of\r\narrest therefore \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eis to obtain\r\nsecurity for the claim or nothing else.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eWARRANT OF\r\nARREST\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eWarrant means an\r\nauthority or a precept under hand \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eand\r\nseal to some officer to arrest an offender or a vessel to be \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003edealt with according to due course of law. (3)\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.85pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.85pt\u0027\u003eThe High Courts of\r\nSindh and Balochistan have \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eexclusive\r\njurisdiction on its Admiralty Side to entertain a suit in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003erespect of damage caused by a ship to property on\r\nthe high \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eseas. The damages can be\r\nclaimed in the said High Courts \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eeither\r\nby proceeding in rem, that is against the body of the ship, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eor by proceedings in personam, that is against the\r\nowners of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003ethe ship. Such damages can\r\nbe filed in the said High Courts in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eits\r\njurisdiction on the Admiralty Side.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eWhen a suit is\r\ninstituted in rem, any party may, on \u003c/span\u003efiling an affidavit, obtain from\r\nthe Court a warrant for the arrest of the property proceeded against. (4)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eImmediately after\r\nan action in rem is commenced, an \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eapplication\r\nsupported by an affidavit may be made for an arrest \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.65pt\u0027\u003ewarrant to be issued in respect of the ship or\r\nproperty \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003econcerned. It is common\r\npractice in Pakistan, for an arrest of \u003c/span\u003ethe vessel the Court\u0027s Order may\r\nbe served instead of warrant.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eAn action in rem\r\nis an action against a ship or cargo or \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.05pt\u0027\u003eother property on, or related to, the ship. In such an action, a \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eship coming into Pakistani territorial waters may\r\nbe arrested for \u003c/span\u003ethe purpose of providing security for money claimed from\r\nthe \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003eship-owners, operators and charterers.\r\nIf security is not \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eprovided, a Judge\r\nmay order the sale of the ship to provide \u003c/span\u003efunds to pay the claims.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eIn suits in rem\r\nservice of summons or warrant against \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eship,\r\nfreight or cargo on board is to be effected by nailing or \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eaffixing the original summons or warrant for a\r\nshort time on the main-mast or on the single most of the vessel and taking off\r\nthe \u003c/span\u003eprocess, by leaving the copy of it issued under the provisions of\r\nthe Code nailed or affixed in its place. (5)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eWhere the\r\nproceeding is an action in rem against a ship \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.05pt\u0027\u003eor other property on the ship, the Admiralty Rules provide that \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eservice is affected by securely affixing a sealed\r\ncopy of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eCourt\u0027s order or original\r\nsummons to a mast or some other \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003econspicuous\r\npart of the ship. Where the action in rem is against \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eproperty that is not at the time of service on\r\nboard the ship, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eservice is effected\r\nby securely affixing a sealed copy of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.4pt\u0027\u003eCourt\u0027s Order or original summons to the property or to a \u003c/span\u003epackage\r\nor container containing the property.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eIn the case of\r\nBangladesh Shipping Corporation v. M.V. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003eNedon (6), where the Division Bench of Sindh High Court laid \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003edown the principle governing the writ of arrest in\r\nan action in \u003c/span\u003erem and observed as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eAdmiralty\r\nJurisdiction of High Courts Ordinance, 1980- \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.3pt\u0027\u003eAdmiralty Jurisdiction---Action in rem---Action in rem lies against ship\r\nwithout making it defendant---Real defendant \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003edescribed as owner of or persons interested in ship---Writ of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003earrest may be effected by serving it on ship and\r\nsuch writ may \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003ebe accepted by master\r\nor owner or by nailing or pasting it on \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.4pt\u0027\u003emast or other conspicuous part of ship-Owner or person \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003einterested in rem appearing and putting defence,\r\nsuch person, he\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eld, becomes party to\r\naction and personally liable for whatever \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.1pt\u0027\u003edecreed against him.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eIt was observed at\r\npage 249 of the above judgment that \u003c/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.4pt\u0027\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003en action in rem is\r\nagainst a ship without making it as a \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003edefendant.\r\nThe real defendants are described as owner of or \u003c/span\u003eperson interested in\r\nthe ship, and writ of arrest may be effected \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eby\r\nway serving it on the ship which may be accepted by the \u003c/span\u003emaster, owner or\r\nby nailing or pasting it on the mast or other \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003econspicuous\r\npart of the ship. As a consequence of such service \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eif the owner or any person interested in the res\r\nenters \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eappearance and puts up defence\r\nthen the person so appearing \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ebecomes\r\nparty to the action and thereby becomes personally \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.8pt\u0027\u003eliable for whatever may be decreed against him. If\r\nno \u003c/span\u003eappearance is entered the action remains as an action in rem \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eoperating only against the ship arrested and if a\r\njudgment is \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003epassed in favour of the\r\nplaintiffs it can be enforced by sale of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003ethe ship but not against the owner personally or any of his \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eproperty. If any authority is needed reference can\r\nbe made to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003ethe observations made by\r\nthe Lord Denning M.R. in the case of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;The\r\nBanco\u0026quot; (7).\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eA ship may only be\r\narrested in an action in rem. The \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eAdmiralty\r\nRules do not provide for how an action in personam \u003c/span\u003eis to be commenced that\r\nsuch an action cannot be commenced \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eby the\r\nsame initiating process as the process initiating an \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003eaction in rem as it is difficult to reach the\r\nowners, operators or \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003echarterers of\r\nthe vessel if they are not residing within the \u003c/span\u003ejurisdiction of the\r\nCourt.,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eRELEASE FROM\r\nARREST\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eIn cases where\r\nthe arrested ship is released on security \u003c/span\u003ebeing furnished being for the\r\nplaintiffs claim, the suit, unless \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003ecompromised,\r\nwill proceed to trial and judgment in the normal \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003ecourse. The main object for an arrest of the ship is to obtain \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003esecurity from the owners of the vessel or other\r\ninterested \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eparties. When the security\r\nis furnished the vessel should be \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003ereleased\r\nwithout any delay. In the case of Eastern Navigator the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eSupreme Court of Pakistan observed that: (8)\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.25pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.25pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;Admiralty\r\nJurisdiction of High Courts Ordinance, 1980-- \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.15pt\u0027\u003eArrest of vessel- Object---making of specific prayer for arrest of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003evessel in the body of plaint---Validity---Arrest\r\nof vessel is only \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003eobtained for\r\nsecurity purposes---Where the security is \u003c/span\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.25pt\u0027\u003efu\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.25pt\u0027\u003ernished, the vessel\r\nis released---No legal requirement either in t\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.3pt\u0027\u003ehe English Law or in Pakistani Law to make prayer for arrest of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003ethe vessel in body of the plaint.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eUnder Pakistan\r\nMerchant Shipping Ordinance, 2001 \u003c/span\u003eprovided that: (9)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003e546. Release of\r\nShip, etc.--(1) Where a vessel or other \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.05pt\u0027\u003eproperty is detained in connection with a claim which \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eappears to the High Court to be founded on a\r\nliability to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003ewhich a limit set by\r\nsection 541 or 542 applies, or \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003esecurity\r\nis given to prevent or obtain release from such \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.3pt\u0027\u003edetention the High Court may, if the guarantee was \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003egiven in a port which, in relation to the claim, is\r\nthe \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003erelevant port, order the release\r\nof the vessel, property or \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003esecurity\r\nif the conditions specified in subsection (2) are \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003esatisfied; where the release is ordered, the\r\nperson on \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003ewhose application it is\r\nordered shall be deemed to have \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003esubmitted\r\nto the jurisdiction of the High Court to \u003c/span\u003eadjudicate upon the claim.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e(2) the conditions\r\nreferred to in subsection (1) are-\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e(a)\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethat\r\nsecurity which in the opinion of the High Court is \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003esatisfactory (in this section referred to as\r\n\u0026quot;guarantee\u0026quot;) \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003ehas previously\r\nbeen given whether in Pakistan or \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eelsewhere,\r\nin respect of the said liability or any other \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003eliability incurred on the same occasion and the High Court is satisfied\r\nthat if the claim is established, the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eamount\r\nfor which the guarantee was given or such part \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.25pt\u0027\u003ethereof as corresponds to the claim will be actually \u003c/span\u003eavailable to\r\nthe claimant; and\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:\r\nnone;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e(b)\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ethat\r\neither the guarantee is for an amount not less than \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003ethe said limit or further security is given\r\nwhich, together \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003ewith the guarantee\r\nis for an amount not less than that \u003c/span\u003elimit.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eThe ship is\r\nusually released from arrest after security \u003c/span\u003ehas been provided by the\r\nship-owner or any other person who \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003edirectly\r\nor indirectly effected for the arrest. The security may be \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003ein the form of bail bond, payment of money in the\r\nCourt, bank \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.65pt\u0027\u003eguarantee, insurance\r\ncompany guarantee or a letter of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003eundertaking\r\n(LOU) from the ship owner\u0027s protection and indemnity club (P\u0026amp;I Club). The\r\nowners may request the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eimmediate\r\nrelease upon providing a sufficient bank guarantee \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eor any other security which the Court may accept\r\ncovering the \u003c/span\u003eamount of the claim of the arrestor.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eUnlike arrest, the\r\nrelease of a ship from arrest is \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003ediscretionary.\r\nHowever, the usual practice of the Court is only \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.3pt\u0027\u003eto order release upon the provision of sufficient security t  \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003ecover the amount of the claim, plus interest and\r\ncosts, on the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003ebasis of claimant\u0027s\r\nreasonably best arguable case (10). The \u003c/span\u003eamount of security for release\r\nof a ship must be reasonable and its assessment approximates (11).\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eProblems are,\r\nhowever, encountered in those cases \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003ewhere\r\nthe ship is not released, usually because of the owner\u0027s \u003c/span\u003ebankruptcy and\r\nthe master and crew have also abandoned the ship then the Nazir of the\r\nCourt/authorized officer of the Court \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ewho has\r\nthe custody and care of the ship is expected to take \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003esteps involving expenses for protecting the ship\r\nand its \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eequipment and take necessary\r\nmeasure or precautionary steps \u003c/span\u003ein order to prevent thefts of valuable\r\nequipment and damage to the ship.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.85pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.85pt\u0027\u003eIn the case of\r\n\u0026quot;Vanessa Ann\u0026quot; (12), Justice Lord \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.35pt\u0027\u003eStaughton observed that \u0026quot;The Court may release arrested \u003c/span\u003eproperty\r\nwithout such security being provided, but this is only \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.45pt\u0027\u003edone in exceptional circumstances, and only where some \u003c/span\u003esatisfactory\r\nalternatives to ordinary security is provided.\u0026quot; For \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eexample the Court could order the release on terms\r\nof a fishing \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003evessel whose continued\r\ndetention deprives the defendant of his \u003c/span\u003elivelihood and ability to pay\r\nthe claim, where no injustice would be done to the claimant.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eRELEASE OF PROPERTY ARRESTED BY SATISFACTION OF:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eWhere property has\r\nbeen arrested, the owner of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eproperty\r\nneed only tender security up to the value of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.05pt\u0027\u003eproperty. A maritime claimant who has instituted an action in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.25pt\u0027\u003erem against a vessel is entitled to sufficient\r\nsecurity to cover the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eamount of his\r\nclaim with interest and costs on the basis of his \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ereasonably arguable best case. A following type of\r\nsecurities \u003c/span\u003emay be furnished by the ship-owners for the satisfaction of\r\nthe \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eCourt in case of arrest of the vessel.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e(a) Bank Guarantee\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eWhen the vessel is\r\narrested, different claimants may \u003c/span\u003eenter caveat in the Admiralty caveat\r\nwarrant book in order to \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003esafeguard their\r\ninterests. The owner of the ship may also enter \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.25pt\u0027\u003ecaveat nor to its arrest. Persons entering caveat need to be notified\r\nbefore the arrest takes place. In order to avoid any \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003elosses, the owner usually provides a bank\r\nguarantee so that his \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003evessels will be\r\nreleased.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThe object of bank\r\nguarantee is not to insure against \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003erisks\r\nfrom which shipbuilder or other manufacturer might \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003esuffer loss; it is simply to enable him to borrow\r\nfrom his bank, at reasonable interest, without correspondingly reducing his \u003c/span\u003ecapacity\r\nto borrow. (13)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eIn 4th edition of\r\nHalsbury\u0027s Laws of England, which was \u003c/span\u003epublished in 1973, the following\r\nappears: (14)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e\u0027The usual step\r\nfollowing an appearance in an action in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.25pt\u0027\u003erem is for the owner of the property arrested to procure its \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003erelease by giving security for the plaintiffs\r\nclaim. This may be done either by paying the amount of the plaintiffs claim\r\ninto \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003eCourt, or by providing bail in a\r\nsufficient amount, or by \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003efurnishing a\r\nguarantee acceptable to the plaintiff. The third \u003c/span\u003emethod is nowadays the\r\nmost common in practice.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003eThus all that the Court does is to issue an arrest\r\nmostly \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003eex parte and direct that the vessel\r\nbe detained unless the claim \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eamount\r\nin full is not deposited or an equivalent bank guarantee \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eis provided for the said amount. Apprehensive of\r\ndisrupting \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eschedules, the vessel\r\nchooses to provide the bank guarantee \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003ethan\r\nrisk a prolonged arrest and detention. Once the bank \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.85pt\u0027\u003eguarantee is furnished, the matter is relegated to\r\nthe \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eappropriate civil Court where a\r\nlong drawn civil battle awaits \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003ethe\r\nvessel and its owners for the entire period of which the bank \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eguarantee has to be kept alive. Banks insist on\r\nheavy interest \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003efor keeping the bank\r\nguarantee live for inordinate long period, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003eand this acts as an economic duress on the vessel owner to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003esettle the matter at the earliest at terms\r\nfavourable to the \u003c/span\u003eclaimant.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e(b) Letter of\r\nGuarantee by the P \u0026amp; I Club\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eMutual Insurance\r\nhas been found to be particularly appropriate to third party liabilities and\r\nalthough it is now \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003epossible to\r\nunderwrite primary \u0026quot;P \u0026amp; I\u0026quot; (Protection \u0026amp; Indemnity) \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003ein the shipping industry. Mutuality means that the\r\nClub\u0027s \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003einterests are identical to the\r\ninterests of the members. The \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003emutual\r\naims include the safe and pollution-free operation of vessels. Naturally, given\r\nthe nature of shipping, it is impossible ii \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003eto eradicate all accidents. That is why the P and I Club places \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003esuch emphasis on service excellence in casualty\r\nsituations. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eTheir priority is to help\r\nthe member solve the problem at hand \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eas\r\nquickly as possible, so ensuring the vessel\u0027s swift return to I \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003etrade. The guiding principle in all things is a\r\nguarantee of fair \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eand equitable\r\ntreatment. This extends from the assessment of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003erisk to the fixing of premiums and the settling of claims. For \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003ethis purpose, the ship owners do not obtain\r\ninsurance from the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.65pt\u0027\u003einsurance\r\ncompanies. They issue their insurance cover \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003ethemselves and act as an insurance company for every ship. \u003c/span\u003eThe\r\nbasic regime is to minimize the risk for supplementary calls \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eto provide for a possibility for the Members to\r\nbudget their \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003efuture costs for the P\r\n\u0026amp; I cover.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eIn this method the\r\namount of security submitted by the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eProtecting\r\nand Indemnity Clubs but it is subsequently found to \u003c/span\u003ebe unsatisfactory\r\nsince, especially in the case of large claims, \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.05pt\u0027\u003elitigation and settlement of claims might take years to complete, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eand the members would thus be left for a\r\nconsiderable time \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003euncertain of their\r\nultimate liabilities.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eThe Clubs also\r\ninvestigate and settle passenger and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ecargo\r\nclaims for government account on requisitioned ships, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eand administrated schemes providing for\r\ncompensation to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eseamen\u0027s departments,\r\nin respect of those vessels seized by the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.05pt\u0027\u003eenmity at the outbreak of war, and or payments on release to \u003c/span\u003ecaptured\r\nofficers and seaman. (15)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThe purpose of\r\nindemnity club was to indemnify ship \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eowners\r\nagainst their liability for loss of or damage to cargo, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ewhich began to assume serious proportions after the\r\ncase of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eWestenhope in 1870. (16). The\r\nfirst indemnity club was formed \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003ein\r\n1874. (17)\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003eA Club undertaking\r\nis always dependent upon the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003efinancial\r\nstatus of the Club. When there is doubt as to the Club\u0027s standing, a bank\r\nguarantee is to be preferred. Most \u003c/span\u003ecommonly security is negotiated and\r\nput up in an agreed form \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003ebeing either a P\r\n\u0026amp; I Club letter of undertaking or a guarantee \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eput up by a recognized bank.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eThere are\r\ncurrently 13 P \u0026amp; I clubs who are members of \u003c/span\u003ethe International Group.\r\nThis group provides liability insurance \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003efor\r\nmore than 90 per cent of the world\u0027s ship-owners. The \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003ecurrent members of International Group are: (18)\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eAssuranceforeiningen Gard (Norway)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:\r\nnone;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eAssuranceforeiningen Skuld (Norway)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nBritannia Steamship Insurance Association Ltd.\u003c/span\u003e (UK)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nJapan Ship Owners\u0027 Mutual Protection and\u003c/span\u003e Indemnity Association (Japan)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003eThe London Steamship Owners\u0027 Mutual Insurance Association\r\nLtd. (UK)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nNorth of England Protection and Indemnity \u003c/span\u003eAssociation (Luxembourg)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nStandard Steamship Owners\u0027 Protection and \u003c/span\u003eIndemnity Association Ltd.\r\n(Bermuda)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nSteamship Mutual Underwriting Association Ltd. \u003c/span\u003e(Bermuda)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eSveriges\r\nAngfartygs Assurans Forening (The Swedish \u003c/span\u003eClub) (Sweden)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nUnited Kingdom Steamship Assurance Association \u003c/span\u003e(The UK Club) (Bermuda)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nWest of England Ship Owners\u0027 Mutual Insurance \u003c/span\u003eAssociation (Luxembourg)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nAmerican Club (USA) \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e(c) By Depositing\r\nthe Cash\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eIn circumstances\r\nwhere the claimant will not agree to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eeither\r\nthe form of security tendered, or the amount, or the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003ewording of any undertaking or guarantees is\r\nunacceptable, then \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003ethe owner of the\r\nproperty arrested or attached is in the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.05pt\u0027\u003eunhappy position of having to decide whether to tender either \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003ecash or a bank guarantee to the Nazir of the\r\nCourt. The actual position in this regard has not been made clear in the\r\nrelevant \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003elegislation and there is, as yet,\r\nno helpful guidance from the \u003c/span\u003eCourts.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eIn the case of\r\nM.T. Eastern Navigator a learned Single \u003c/span\u003eJudge of Sindh High Court\r\nobserved that: (19)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:\r\nnone;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;Upon warrants of\r\narrest being served upon the vessel \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eanybody\r\ncan appear in Court on behalf of the vessel and \u003c/span\u003efurnish security and\r\ndefending plaintiffs claim. Indeed it \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eis a\r\ncardinal principle of Admiralty law that the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.1pt\u0027\u003eappearance of a party to defend a vessel makes the said \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eparty liable for the full claim of the plaintiff\r\neven if it \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eexceeds the value of the\r\nvessel but if none appears to \u003c/span\u003edefend the vessel then regardless of the\r\namount of the \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eclaim in suit the vessel\u0027s\r\nowner would be liable only to \u003c/span\u003ethe extent of the value of the\r\nvessel.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003eWhere the vessel\r\nhas been arrested under the admiralty \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003ejurisdiction,\r\nthe claimant is entitled to be secured to the full \u003c/span\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eex\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003etent\r\nof its claim before he need agree to the release of the \u003c/span\u003evessel so\r\narrested. However, where the arrested vessel is valued \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.15pt\u0027\u003eat far less than the amount claimed, the owner of the vessel and \u003c/span\u003eother\r\ninterested person in a ship may then abandon that vessel \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eto the claimant, alternatively, threaten to do so\r\nand simply \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003etender security to the\r\nvalue of that vessel.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eIn the case of M.T.\r\n\u0026quot;Zaima Navard\u0026quot; (20) the Court \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.25pt\u0027\u003eobserved that it is a matter of ordinarily practical common \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003esense, that when the security takes merely the\r\nform of a letter, \u003c/span\u003ecoming from reputed company signed by its Director. It\r\nis the easiest thing to change its figure in the letter. It is not so easy, \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003ewhen the form of the security is money security.\r\nThus the type \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eof security and the\r\namount of security are both important. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eFurther,\r\nif the plaintiffs seriously object, it would be neither \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eproper nor open to the Admiralty Court to accept\r\nsecurity by \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eway of a letter of or a\r\nguarantee issued from a foreign party, be \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003etheir economic credentials and business reputation ever so \u003c/span\u003ehigh.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003eAfter the money security had been furnished, and even\r\nbefore or after the ship has sailed away, it will be open to the defendants to\r\napply in the Court below, or to use affidavits in answer to the arrest\r\napplications in the Court below or do both \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eand\r\npray there for reduction or even total release of the money \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003esecurity and for any other just reliefs. They will\r\nbe entitled to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003etake all points\r\nregarding facts there, including the point of \u003c/span\u003emitigation.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e(d) Insurance Company Guarantee\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003eThe insurance\r\ncompanies played a very essential role by \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003esubmitting a sufficient amount of security in case of arrest of \u003c/span\u003ethe\r\nvessel. It is universally recognized by all mature maritime jurisdictions that\r\nto avoid the arrest of a ship or to secure the release of an arrested ship, a\r\nproper security in the full amount \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eof the\r\nclaim, plus interest and costs, is required. A proper \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003esecurity for most maritime Courts would generally\r\nbe either a \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ebank guarantee or a\r\nguarantee from a reputable insurance \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003ecompany\r\nor P \u0026amp; I Club. If the insured vessel collides with \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eanother vessel that is then pushed on to another\r\nvessel, or \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003evessels, the liability of\r\nthe insured vessel to those other vessel is r\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.1pt\u0027\u003eecoverable by receiving a letter of guarantee by the insurance \u003c/span\u003ecompany,\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.25pt\u0027\u003eIn The\r\n\u0026quot;Christiansburg\u0026quot; (21), a ship had been arrested in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eHolland and released by the Court against an\r\ninsuranc\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003ecompany\r\nguarantee. Subsequently the ship was arrested i\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eEngland in respect of the same cause of action.\r\nIt was held that \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003ethe arrest in\r\nEngland was oppressive and against good faith \u003c/span\u003eand the ship would\r\ntherefore be released. (22)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e(e) Any other\r\nSecurity to the Satisfaction of the Court\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eIf vessel is\r\narrested then the owner or anybody whose \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003einterest in a ship can appear on behalf of the vessel to defend \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003ethe claimant\u0027s claim and obtain the release of\r\nthat vessel by \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eputting up security in\r\na form acceptable to either the claimant \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.2pt\u0027\u003eor the Nazir of the High Court or, in the case of a dispute, to the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003esatisfaction of a High Court Judge.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIn the case of M.V.\r\nGhantout-I (Ex-Bismillah), Justice \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003eWajihuddin\r\nAhmed a learned Judge of Sindh High Court \u003c/span\u003eobserved that: (23)\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:\r\nnone;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.3pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;Admiralty Jurisdiction of High Courts Ordinance, 1980-- \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003eArrest of vessel-Essentials-Plaintiff having\r\npurchased \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003evessel and having advanced\r\nsome of the instalments, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003etowards\r\npayment of price as per agreement and having \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.1pt\u0027\u003espent substantial amounts and its repair and insurance \u003c/span\u003ehad\r\nestablished lien over the same---Vessel was ordered \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.2pt\u0027\u003eto remain arrested during pendency of suit to subject to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003econdition that if and when defendants deposited in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eCourt a specific amount and same was to be\r\nreleased--\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eSuch amount would ensure to\r\nthe benefit of plaintiff, if he succeeded, otherwise same would be returnable\r\nto \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003edefendant who had deposited the\r\nsame.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003eFurther observed at P.84 of the above judgment that:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.85pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:\r\nnone;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.85pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;It has already been seen that the plaintiff has \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eestablished a prima fade case. It has also been\r\nseen \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003ethat the defendants Nos.2 and 3\r\nhave no assets in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ePakistan except the\r\ndefendant No.1 vessel and whole \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003esuit\r\nmay be frustrated if appropriate orders to protect \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003ethe rights of the plaintiff are not passed. Balance\r\nof \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003econvenience thus lies in favour\r\nof the plaintiff. Likewise, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eplaintiffs\r\nloss, if the defendant No.1 is allowed to sail \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.45pt\u0027\u003eaway, though calculable in terms of money, would \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003ebecome irreparable as the ship may never show up \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003ewithin the territorial waters of this country,\r\nonce it \u003c/span\u003eleaves the same.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.85pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eTo obtain the\r\nsecurity in support of a claim by the arrest \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.15pt\u0027\u003eof the ship is a powerful weapon, which can put ship-owners \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003eunder oppression commercial pressure. Usually, it\r\nis possible to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eobtain security for\r\nthe full amount of the claimant\u0027s claim \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003einclusive of interest and costs. Security can be obtained either \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eby the arrest or attachment of property, or\r\nthrough negotiation. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eIt also places\r\npressure on the ship-owner to settle the claim. In certain circumstances the\r\nsecurity provided can be increased. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003ePersonal\r\nguarantee may also be accepted by the Court if other \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eside has no objection on it.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eIS A THIRD\r\nPARTY DIRECTLY LIABLE?\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eMarine Insurance\r\ncovers the loss or damage of ships, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003ecargo,\r\nterminals, and any transport or property by which cargo \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eis transferred, acquired, or held between the\r\npoints of origin \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eand final\r\ndestination. Marine Liability is insurance for liability \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eor property damages to a third party, while\r\nengaged in marine \u003c/span\u003erelated operations. Insofar as the ship owner\u0027s\r\nliability insurance \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eis concerned, protection\r\nand indemnity (P \u0026amp; I) club rules \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003egenerally\r\ncover the ship owner\u0027s liability for breach of its \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eobligation to care for cargo and for unfitness of\r\nthe insured \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003evessel. Liability for\r\ndeviation is also covered by particular rules. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.1pt\u0027\u003eHowever, the P \u0026amp; I club should, in addition, exercise its powers \u003c/span\u003eunder\r\nthe rules of association to make by-laws regulating the \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003esystem and method of carriage, storage, custody and handling \u003c/span\u003eof\r\nthe cargo. This would ensure stringent conditions of cargo-\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eworthiness are complied with ship-owners.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eA person, who\r\nwishes to recover for and is paid by the insurers as for a total loss, cannot\r\ntake with both hands. If he \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ehas a\r\nmeans of diminishing the loss, the result of the use of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003ethose means belongs to the underwriters. If he\r\ndoes diminish \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003ethe loss, he must\r\naccount for the diminution to the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eunderwriters.\r\n(24). It means if a person is already recovered \u003c/span\u003efrom his loss to the\r\nunderwriters then he cannot recover it from \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ethe\r\nship-owners and after the recovery of the said insurance \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eamount he is not entitled to claim more than one.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eA marine policy\r\ntypically covers only three-quarter of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.05pt\u0027\u003einsured\u0027s liabilities towards third parties. The typical liabilities \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003earise in respect of collision with another ship,\r\nformerly known \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eas running down and\r\nwreck removal. The collision liability \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eclause\r\nindicates that the insurer is only required to indemnify the insured for three\r\nquarters of any sum and sums paid by \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003eassured\r\nto any other persons or persons by reason of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.05pt\u0027\u003eassured becoming legally liable by way of damages. (25).\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eIn the 19th\r\ncentury, ship-owners banded together in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.1pt\u0027\u003emutual underwriting clubs known as Protection and Indemnity \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eClubs (P \u0026amp; I), to insure the remaining\r\none-quarter liability \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eamongst\r\nthemselves. Protection and Indemnity associations \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003ehave been formed with the object of mutually\r\nprotecting ship \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003eowners against those\r\nrisks for which they are not covered under \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.5pt\u0027\u003ethe usual form of Lloyd\u0027s policy. These Clubs are still in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.85pt\u0027\u003eexistence today and have become the model for\r\nother \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.65pt\u0027\u003especialized and un-commercial\r\nmarine and non-marine \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003emutual\u0027sfor\r\nexample in relation to oil pollution and nuclear \u003c/span\u003erisks.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eIndemnity cover of\r\nthe club is subject to the rule of \u0027pay \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.15pt\u0027\u003eto be paid\u0027 which is in other words means that the claimant\u0027s \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eclaim will have to be first quantified if found in\r\norder according to law and in case if the liability of the owners is\r\nestablished in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003ethe proceedings by\r\nthe Admiralty Court then the P \u0026amp; I Club will \u003c/span\u003esatisfy the decree. It\r\nmeans that when the liability of the owner \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ewould\r\nbe determined and quantified and paid finally according \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eto law then the Indemnity club would come forward\r\nto satisfy \u003c/span\u003ethe claimant\u0027s claim.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.45pt\u0027\u003eIn the case of KPT\r\nv. Polembros Shipping Ltd. and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eothers\r\n(26), a learned Judge of Sindh High Court Mr. Justice \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eAmir Hani Muslim recently decided the above issue\r\nin a civil \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003emiscellaneous application\r\nfiled by the plaintiffs to seek direction \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003eagainst the owners of the said vessel in order to furnish their \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003einsurers, Protection and Indemnity Club (P \u0026amp; I\r\nClub), security \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003eto the satisfaction\r\nof the Nazir of the court for an amount of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003eUS$ 1 billion in the form of a bank guarantee during pendency of the\r\ncaptioned matter. The plaintiff\u0027s counsel contended that \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003ethere is an agreement between the owners and\r\nCharter Party \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ewherein the P \u0026amp; I\r\nclub ensured all risks in case of accident, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003ewhich includes oil pollution insurance. He relied on clause 6 of \u003c/span\u003ethe\r\nAgreement which is reproduced therein below:--\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:\r\nnone;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.35pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;6. Oil pollution Insurance Clause.--Owners warrant \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003ethat during his charter party the vessel is\r\ncovered by \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003etheir P \u0026amp; I for oil\r\npollution damages upto US$ \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e1,000,000,000\r\n(one Billion) for all pollution risks, each \u003c/span\u003eaccident or\r\noccurrence.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eThe Court dismissed\r\nthe plaintiffs application by \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eaccepting\r\nthe argument of the defendants that the clause 6 of the charter party agreement\r\nbetween the defendant No.2 and PNSC (charterers) only provides for an indemnity\r\nto the extent \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.55pt\u0027\u003eof US$ 1 billion which\r\nwould ensure to the benefits of the \u003c/span\u003echarterer and nobody else. Further\r\nthe proceeds of the vessel \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003e(M.T.\r\n\u0026quot;Tasman Spirit\u0026quot;) and the other ship which are claimed to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ebe owned by the defendants Nos.1 and 2 were being\r\nsold and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eth\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e entire sale\r\nconsideration is lying in the hands of the Official \u003c/span\u003eAssignee. Further,\r\nthere is also an undertaking given on behalf \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003eof\r\nthe defendants in the counter affidavit that in case if the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eliability of the said defendants is proved in these\r\nproceedings \u003c/span\u003ethe P \u0026amp; I Club will satisfy the decree. In view of the\r\ngiven \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003ecircumstances the Court held that:--\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:\r\nnone;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;When the liability\r\nis yet to be determined and damages \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eare to be\r\nquantified, prayer of the nature cannot be \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.5pt\u0027\u003eallowed, moreso, when the undertaking is already \u003c/span\u003eprovided by the\r\ndefendants.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eThe appeal was\r\nalso dismissed by the Appellate Bench of Sindh High Court comprising Mr.\r\nJustice Mushir Alam and Mr. Justice Aqeel Ahmed Abbasi (27) and upheld the\r\ndecision of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003eleaned Single Judge.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003eReferences:--\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e1.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ePLD 1983\r\nKarachi 459\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;mso-pagination:\r\nnone;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.0pt\u0027\u003e2.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ePLD 1981\r\nKarachi 419\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e3.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eMaritime\r\nand Shipping Dictionary of Agha Faqir \u003c/span\u003eMuhammad, page 643\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e4.\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003eSindh Chief Court Rules (O.S.), Chapter XXXII\r\nRule 731\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e5.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003eSindh\r\nChief Court Rules (O.S.), Chapter XXXII, Rule 735\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e6.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ePLD 1981\r\nKarachi 246 (c) (DB)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.8pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.8pt\u0027\u003e7.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003e(1971)1\r\nAER 524\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e8.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003ePLD 2001\r\nSC 57 rr. Page 64\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e9.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eSee\r\nsection 546 of Pakistan Merchant Shipping \u003c/span\u003eOrdinance, 2001\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e10.\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eThe \u0026quot;Bazias 3\u0026quot; (199311 Lloyd\u0027s\r\nRep.101(C.A.), at page \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e105, col.1.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003e11.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eModern\r\nAdmiralty Law by Aleka Mandaraka-Sheppard, \u003c/span\u003eP.130\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e12.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eThe\r\n\u0026quot;Vanessa Ann\u0026quot; [1985] 1 Lloyd\u0027s rep.549\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003e13.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eSee\r\npara. 566 at P.247 of British Shipping Laws Vol.13, \u003c/span\u003eShip Owners by Sindh\r\nand Colinvaux\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e14.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eIn para\r\n377 at P.253 of the title on Admiralty in Vol 1 of \u003c/span\u003ethe 4th edition of\r\nHalsbury\u0027s Laws of England.\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.15pt\u0027\u003e15.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eBritish\r\nShipping Laws Vol.13, Ship Owners by Singh \u003c/span\u003eand Colinvaux at P.235, para\r\n531\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e16.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eThe\r\nWestenhope (1870) Unreported. Cited in Arnould\u0027s \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.1pt\u0027\u003eLaw of Marine Insurance and Average, 16th Ed. Vol.1, \u003c/span\u003eBritish\r\nShipping Laws, para.130, P.86\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003e17.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eArnould\u0027s\r\nLaw of Marine Insurance and Average by Sir \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.2pt\u0027\u003eMichael J. Mustill and Jonathan C.B. Gilman, 16th Ed. \u003c/span\u003eVol.1,\r\nBritish Shipping Laws. London: Stevens, 1981, para.130, P.85.\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.25pt\u0027\u003e18.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eGard\r\nHandbook on P \u0026amp; I Insurance, 5th Edition by \u003c/span\u003eEdgar Gold at P.71\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.8pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.8pt\u0027\u003e19.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003e1999\r\nCLC 996 rr. P.1002\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.0pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.0pt\u0027\u003e20.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eAIR\r\n1999 Calcutta 64\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e21.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003e(1885)10\r\nP.D.141 (C.A.)\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e22.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eThird\r\nEdition of Maritime Practice in India by Shrikant \u003c/span\u003eHathi and Binita\r\nHathi, P.141.\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e23.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003e1991\r\nMLD 75(c)\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.05pt\u0027\u003e24.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eArnould\u0027s\r\nLaw of Marine Insurance and Average by Sir \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.1pt\u0027\u003eMichael J. Mustill and Jonathan C.B. Gilman, 16th Ed. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.05pt\u0027\u003eVol.!!, British Shipping Laws. London: Stevens,\r\n1981, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003ePara.1299 P.1080.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.35pt\u0027\u003e25.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eGard\r\nHandbook on P \u0026amp; I Insurance, 5th Edition by \u003c/span\u003eEdgar Gold at P.91\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e26.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eSuit\r\nNo.1167 of 2003, CMA No.8255 of 2005 Court\u0027s \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.05pt\u0027\u003eOrder dated 18-11-2008 (Unreported)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:-.25in;\r\nmso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.15pt\u0027\u003e27.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eSuit\r\nNo.1167 of 2003, HCA No.5 of 2009 Court\u0027s Order \u003c/span\u003edated 2-2-2010\r\n(Unreported)\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:\r\nnone;text-autospace:none\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"