"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns:st1=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"2006j0205_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eLEGAL PERSON AND DETERMINATION OF PERSONALITY OF A GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"place\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"country-region\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"City\"/\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003eziaqat\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eziaqat\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e2\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  \u003co:TotalTime\u003e0\u003c/o:TotalTime\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Created\u003e2006-12-20T11:34:00Z\u003c/o:Created\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastSaved\u003e2006-12-20T11:34:00Z\u003c/o:LastSaved\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Pages\u003e1\u003c/o:Pages\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Words\u003e1660\u003c/o:Words\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Characters\u003e9464\u003c/o:Characters\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Company\u003eOratier Technologies (Pvt) Ltd\u003c/o:Company\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Lines\u003e78\u003c/o:Lines\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Paragraphs\u003e22\u003c/o:Paragraphs\u003e\r\n  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.5in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 10]\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n table.MsoNormalTable\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\";\r\n\tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-style-noshow:yes;\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\r\n\tmso-para-margin:0in;\r\n\tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-ansi-language:#0400;\r\n\tmso-fareast-language:#0400;\r\n\tmso-bidi-language:#0400;}\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eLEGAL \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nbold\u0027\u003ePERSON \u003c/span\u003eAND DETERMINATION OF \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nbold\u0027\u003ePERSONALITY \u003c/span\u003eOF A \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:bold\u0027\u003eGOVERNMENT\r\nDEPARTMENT\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eBy\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eMuhammad\r\nZubair Abbasi,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eAdvocate,\r\n\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003eIslamabad\u003c/st1:City\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eEven\r\nbefore their birth, human beings are entitled to certain rights. However,\r\nnon-human beings or entities are conferred certain rights and obligations only\r\nby way of a legal fiction. Thus, through this imaginative creation of law,\r\ncertain entities are regarded to have the rights and obligations of human\r\nbeings. It follows that \u0027determination of personality of an entity is crucial,\r\nas it culminates in regarding that particular entity as a body having rights\r\nand obligations. There exists abundant case-law where it is held that a\r\nparticular body or entity is not a legal person and hence its right or\r\nliability to sue or be sued is denied.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\njurisprudential connotations, the person has been divided into two categories\r\nof natural person and legal person. The legal fiction, by which the entities or\r\nbodies other than human beings are rendered rights and obligations, is having\r\nits roots in the ancient times. Both ecclesiastic and mundane necessities\r\nplayed their role \u003c/span\u003ein \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ethe evolution of\r\nthe concept of legal person. Blackstone in his book \u0026quot;The Laws of\r\nEngland\u0026quot; divides the corporation into ecclesiastical and lay\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\r\nand in medieval times not only the Crown but also the Pope could create\r\ncorporations by grant.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eSome\r\nof the widely used connotations to the effect of person (or legal person) are\r\njuristic person, artificial person, fictitious person, moral person, legal\r\nentity, body corporate, body politic\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e and corporation. The word\r\n\u0026quot;corporation\u0026quot; is derived from the Latin \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003ecorpus \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e(body), representing a \u0026quot;body of people\u0026quot;,\r\nthat is, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003ea \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt\u0027\u003egroup of people having authority to operate as a\r\nsingle unit with a separate legal \u003c/span\u003eexistence.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red;letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThe corporation is further divided into corporate\r\nsole and corporate aggregate. A corporation aggregate is an incorporated group\r\nof living persons ranging in number from two to more than two.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\r\nA corporate sole, on the other hand is an incorporated series of successive\r\npersons which consists of only one member at a time. The best example of\r\ncorporation aggregate is \u003c/span\u003ea \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eregistered\r\ncompany and the example of corporate sole is the office of the President.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e1. Sindh High Court in D.G, P.P.O. v. Pak\r\nBurma Traders has observed, \u0026quot;A suit can be filed \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003eby \u003c/span\u003eor against juristic persons. No suit can be filed by or\r\nagainst \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003esomeone, who is not a person. For\r\nexample, suit cannot be filed by or against a \u003c/span\u003ecow, a dog, a lamp post, a\r\nbicycle or a post box or even a post office. Similarly, an appeal can be filed\r\nby an aggrieved person, whether he is a party \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eor\r\nnot. But no appeal can be filed by someone, who is not a \u0027person\u0027, according \u003c/span\u003eto\r\nlaw...\u0026quot; 1991 CLC 1601 at page 1603. The leading authority on this issue is\r\nSecretary, B. \u0026amp; R., Government of West Pakistan and 4 others v. Fazal Ali\r\nKhan (PLD 1971 Karachi 625).\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e2. See Commentaries on The Laws of \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eEngland\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, Iohn Murray, \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:City\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eLondon\u003c/st1:City\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e, 1865, p. 113\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e3. See PLD 1990 SC 612 at page 617\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e4. See definition of person in Article 260\r\nof the Constitution of Pakistan 1973.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.2pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nbold\u0027\u003e5. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003eOxford\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e Advanced\r\nLearner\u0027s Dictionary\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e6. The Single Member Company is a new\r\nphenomenon which can at best be\u003cbr\u003e\r\nregarded an exception to the age old principles of English Jurisprudence.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e7. For further,\r\ndetails see Fitzgerald, PJ Salmond on Jurisprudence, Universal Law \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003ePublishing Co.\r\n(Pvt.) Ltd. 2002, p.308\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\ncrucial point, in this regard, is the determination of legal personality for\r\nparticular bodies or entities. In other words the query can be rephrased as\r\n\u0026quot;what is the criterion or test of personality?\u0026quot; Black\u0027s Law\r\nDictionary defines the person as \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;an\r\nentity (such as a corporation) that is recognized by law as having the rights\r\nand duties of a human being. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThis\r\ndefinition purports that the core attribute of a legal person \u003c/span\u003eis \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ethat it is entitled to certain rights and. is\r\nliable for certain obligations or, in other words, it is regarded as a human\r\nbeing having rights and obligations. This attribute of having rights and\r\nobligations culminates in bestowing upon the `person\u0027 the right to invoke the\r\njurisdiction of any court of law in case its rights are violated and conversely\r\nto stand responsible for any transgression of right or violation of law done\r\nthrough it or in its name. The quintessential factor in the determination of\r\npersonality is the `ability to sue or to be sued in one\u0027s own name.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\r\nThe underlying idea is that a person is any being whom the law regards capable\r\nof having rights and duties. Any being that is so capable is a person, whether\r\na human being or not, and any being that is not so capable is not a person,\r\neven though he be a human being. It is only in this respect that persons\r\npossess juridical significance, and this is the exclusive point of view from\r\nwhich personality receives legal recognition.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e8. Examples can be a slave in a system,\r\nwhich regards them as incapable of either rights or liabilities or the\r\nforeigners in a system, which does not provide them the rights or liabilities\r\nto sue or be sued in a court of law.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e9. Fitzgerald, PJ Salmond on\r\nJurisprudence, Universal Law Publishing Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. 2002, p.299. \u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003eHistorical Nexus\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nconcept of corporations originated with the Romans and Greeks. The Greeks, as\r\nearly as the time of Solon (638-558 B.C), permitted the incorporation of\r\nassociations, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003einter alia, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003efor business subject to the condition that their\r\npurposes should not be contrary to the general law of the land. The Romans, at\r\nan earlier date, recognised corporations which were introduced by Numa\r\nPompilius, the second legendary King of Rome (715-672 B.C). In Briton after its\r\nconquest, the Romans established corporations and subsequently such bodies were\r\nestablished and recognised by English Law for various purposes; municipal,\r\ncharitable, and purely private on principles adopted basically from the Roman\r\nor Civil Law.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e10\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eAt\r\nthe end of sixteenth century, the Crown used to give Charter for the formation\r\nof trading companies. Such Charters were issued to companies, which included\r\nEast India Company, Levant Company, the Hudson\u0027s Bay Company and South Sea\r\nCompany. Later the Parliament also obtained the right to create a company by\r\npassing a special Act. This method of creation of the corporation was both\r\nexpensive and dilatory. Therefore it was not favorable for the trade which was\r\nflourishing with the expansion of the \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eBritish Empire\u003c/st1:place\u003e.\r\nConsequently, a large number of partnerships came into existence, which were\r\npartnerships by name but corporations in soul. A few trustees were to\r\nadminister the management of the affairs of the partnership. The non-existence\r\nof any regulations or control by the government left the way open for the\r\nswindlers to extort money in the name of some business concern or partnership.\r\nThe British Parliament in order to check this evil enacted the Bubbles Act,\r\n1720 which totally prohibited the formation of companies thus closing the door\r\neven for legitimate companies to be formed and to carry on their business. This\r\nAct of 1720 was repealed after a century in 1825. It was the Joint Stock\r\nCompanies Act, 1844 which facilitated the registration of companies, however\r\nthe right to trade with limited liability was granted by Limited Liability Act,\r\n1855.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e10. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003eSee also PLD 1990\r\nSC 612\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e11. Avtar Singh Company Law by Avtar\r\nSingh, Eastern Book Company, Luchnow, 1999, p. 1\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nconcept that a company and its members held separate and distinguishable\r\npersonalities was established at the end of the 19`\u0026quot; century in the famous\r\ncase of Salomon v. Salomon \u0026amp; \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eCo.\u003c/st1:place\u003e It was\r\nheld that a company is a \u0026quot;legal person\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;legal entity\u0026quot;\r\nseparate from, and capable of surviving beyond the lives of its members.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\r\nAs a result of this decision, the personal property of shareholders of the\r\ncompany was exempted from any liability, which might arise as a result of\r\nbankruptcy or insolvency of the company, which was held to be a `separate\r\nentity\u0027. The members or shareholders were liable only to the extent of their\r\nshare. This was a landmark ruling, and although its impact may not have been\r\nappreciated at the time, it opened the doors for the formation of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003elimited liability companies not only at national,\r\nbut also at transnational levels. The resulting worldwide boom \u003c/span\u003ein \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003ethe commercial and corporate sectors was well\r\nbeyond imagination in 1897.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e12. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003eSaloman v. Saloman\r\n\u0026amp; Co, [1897] AC 22, in Company Law by Avtar Singh Supra note, p. 2\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.2pt\u0027\u003eState as a Legal Person\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003ePolitical\r\nthinkers define State as an entity with four particular attributes: \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.85pt\u0027\u003e(i)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\r\nPopulation; (2) Area; (3) Government; and (4) Sovereignty. The question whether\r\nthe State of Pakistan is a (legal) person or not is explicitly answered by\r\nArticle 174 of the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1973.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\r\nThe Article 174 states as under:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;The Federation may sue and be sued by the\r\nname of \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nand a Province may sue and be sued by the name of the Province.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\nthe same way section 79 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Act V of 1908) provides\r\nthat in a suit by or against the Government the authority to be named as\r\nplaintiff or defendant, as the case may be, shall be Pakistan in case of suit\r\nby or against the Federal Government and the Province concerned in case of a suit\r\nby or against a Provincial Government.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nprovisions of both the above-mentioned legislations clearly and unequivocally\r\ndevolve upon the State and the Government, whether Federal or Provincial, the\r\nstatus of legal person, which can sue and can be sued by its name.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nproposition to be considered after this preliminary discussion \u003c/span\u003eis \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003ethat why and why not a Government Department be\r\nregarded as a legal person. The argument for regarding the Government\r\nDepartment as a legal person, without any statutory authority,\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e15 \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003ecan\r\nbe its being part of the Government which is a legal person according to the\r\nConstitution as discussed above. Accordingly, the argument can be built that\r\nsince a department of Government is only a smaller segment of the Government\r\nwhich is a legal person, therefore, the department of Government should also be\r\nregarded as a legal person.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e13. The principle incorporated in this\r\nArticle is not in compliance with the principle of English jurisprudence, which\r\ndoes not regard the State as a legal person, in fact, it is the Crown in his\r\ncapacity as a body politic (or corporate sole) who is capable to sue and be\r\nsued. For details see Fitzgerald, PJ Salmond on Jurisprudence, Universal Law\r\nPublishing Co. (Pvt.) Ltd. 2002, p.321-325\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e14. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003eIn criminal cases,\r\nwhere offence is committed against the society, it is the State, which is the\r\nparty against the accused, and the case is cited accordingly.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003e15. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003eThe statute which\r\ncreates a particular body, in most cases, specifically confers the status of\r\nlegal personality upon it. For example, section 3 of Pakistan Telecommunication\r\n(Re-organization) Act, 1996 uses the expressions like `Pakistan\r\nTelecommunication Authority shall be a body corporate, having perpetual\r\nsuccession\u0027 and `have power...to sue and be sued by its name\u0027. The same\r\nexpressions have also been used in section 3 of the National Highway Authority\r\nAct, 1991.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"