"\u003chtml xmlns:v=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml\"\r\nxmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns:st1=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 10\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 10\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"2004J4511_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eLIST OF NOTIFICATIONS REPRODUCED IN THE\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"City\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"PlaceType\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"PlaceName\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"country-region\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"place\"/\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003eziaqat\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eziaqat\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e2\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  \u003co:TotalTime\u003e0\u003c/o:TotalTime\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Created\u003e2006-03-08T08:59:00Z\u003c/o:Created\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastSaved\u003e2006-03-08T08:59:00Z\u003c/o:LastSaved\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Pages\u003e1\u003c/o:Pages\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Words\u003e1532\u003c/o:Words\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Characters\u003e8737\u003c/o:Characters\u003e\r\n  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classid=\"clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D\" id=ieooui\u003e\u003c/object\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\nst1\\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) }\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n\u003c!--\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal\r\n\t{mso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmargin:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\np.MsoBodyText2, li.MsoBodyText2, div.MsoBodyText2\r\n\t{margin:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-align:justify;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\ttext-decoration:underline;\r\n\ttext-underline:single;}\r\n@page Section1\r\n\t{size:7.0in 11.0in;\r\n\tmargin:.5in .5in .5in .5in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 10]\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n table.MsoNormalTable\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\";\r\n\tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-style-noshow:yes;\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\r\n\tmso-para-margin:0in;\r\n\tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:shapedefaults v:ext=\"edit\" spidmax=\"2050\"/\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:shapelayout v:ext=\"edit\"\u003e\r\n  \u003co:idmap v:ext=\"edit\" data=\"1\"/\u003e\r\n \u003c/o:shapelayout\u003e\u003c/xml\u003e\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003ePAPER\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eBy\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eMs. Navin\r\nMerchant, Advocate,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eSupreme Court of\r\nPakistan, \u003c/b\u003e\u003cst1:City\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cb\u003eKarachi\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e\u003cb\u003e.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eMany of the techniques brought\r\ntogether under the umbrella term \u0026quot;ADR\u0026quot; have deep and separate roots.\r\nFor example, in many civil laws or Asian judicial systems, the Adjudicator has,\r\nby custom or duty, attempted to settle claims by conciliation. Mediation in\r\nfamily, community, commercial, international diplomacy and labour relations\r\ndisputes all have independent, and sometimes long\u0026#8209;standing, historical or\r\ncultural roots.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe term \u0026quot;Alternative\r\nDispute Resolution\u0026quot; (\u0026quot;ADR\u0026quot;) originated in the \u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003eU.S.A.\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nin a drive to find alternatives to the \u003cu\u003etraditional legal system\u003c/u\u003e. The\r\ntraditional legal system is felt to be adversarial, costly, unpredictable,\r\nrigid, over professionalized, damaging to relationships and limited to narrow\r\nremedies compared to realistic problem\u0026#8209;solving.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eADR as a term covers the whole\r\nrange of alternatives to litigation or arbitration which involve third party\r\nintervention to assist resolution of a dispute. In some writings, arbitration\r\nis also referred to as part of ADR. It was, of course the first well\u0026#8209;developed\r\n\u0026quot;alternative\u0027 to litigation.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe strength of ADR lies not in\r\nany formal definition but in its flexibility of practice, where it has helped\r\nto introduce new thinking to the choice of techniques available when dispute or\r\npotential dispute arises. Undoubtedly, ADR has helped to broaden the criteria\r\nby which appropriate methods of dispute resolution can be judged, including the\r\nrole of the legal system itself.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAmongst ADR techniques, \u003cu\u003emediation\r\nhas proved to be the most flexible, powerful and user friendly approach.\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIn many countries the Judicial\r\nsystem can no longer cope with its caseload or offer cost\u0026#8209;effective\r\nprocedures for resolving disputes outside the traditional, formal system.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003eMediation has\r\nestablished three main streams:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eCommercial\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eFamily\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eCommunity\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAll require distinct approaches,\r\nbut the principles of a neutral third person assisting parties to find their\r\nsolution is fundamental to all three. Mediation is the most commonly used ADR\r\nprocess. Many people now use the terms ADR and mediation interchangeably,\r\nalthough \u0026quot;Alternative Dispute Resolution\u0026quot; encompasses a range of\r\ntechniques one of which is mediation.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eNow let us have a look at the\r\nfollowing formal and informal ways of resolving disputes:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003eLitigation:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eLitigation is the most recognized\r\nform of dispute resolution throughout the world. It is publicly financed and\r\nadministered, carried out in a public forum and is bound by mandatory rules\r\nabout process, evidence and testimony. It is not voluntary\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;parties\r\nhave to when required or suffer penalty and the decision is binding although\r\nmay be subject to appeal. The decision is based upon law and precedent, but the\r\nsubject to human error and the outcome is not easy to predict and may be\r\nperceived as unfair. Attempts have been made and continue to be made, to speed\r\nup the litigation process and to reduce the cost but the litigation remains an\r\nexpensive and time\u0026#8209;consuming way to resolve disputes. In fact the value\r\nof many disputes is exceeded by the eventual cost of resolution and the time\r\ntaken to obtain a decision is often measured in years and not months.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003eArbitration:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eArbitration has been introduced\r\nto overcome some of the problems encountered in litigation. Arbitration still\r\nempowers a third party to decide the outcome of a dispute, although more likely\r\nthat the Arbitrator will have subject area expertise which, for some, makes the\r\ndecision more agreeable. The decision is made according to the relevant law, is\r\nbinding and is not normally subject to appeal. Like litigation, the process of\r\narbitration is adversarial and mostly formal, but the Proceedings take place in\r\nprivate and the arbitrator if usually selected by the parties. Unfortunately\r\narbitration has become very similar to in both cost and time; more streamlined\r\nfast track forms of arbitration have been developed: Like litigation procedure,\r\narbitration style and process may differ across cultures.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003eNegotiation:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eWhen the dispute occurs, the\r\nfirst thing that comes to the mind of the disputant is negotiation. The best,\r\ncheapest, most economical and most satisfactory way of resolving disputes is by\r\nnegotiation. Negotiation is an everyday activity for human beings; much of it\r\nis not recognized as negotiation at the time and most of it is effective. It is\r\na skill that is built into human nature and yet has only recently been studied,\r\nunderstood and refined. Direct negotiation requires the negotiators to\r\ncommunicate with each other about the dispute and, often about their\r\nwillingness to compromise. Negotiation is usually possible when the parties can\r\nidentify and agree on what issues are in dispute. Their interests, goals and\r\nneeds are not entirely incompatible and they are constrained by time.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cu\u003eThere axe two\r\nrecognized core strategies for negotiating:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003epositional bargaining\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eprincipled negotiation\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003ePositional bargaining is the\r\ntraditional strategy in any kind of dispute. The Key characteristics of this\r\nstrategy are;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:1.0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n-.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eeach side takes its best\r\nand most extreme position on what it demands or offers\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:1.0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n-.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003e\u0026quot;discussions\u0026quot;\r\ntake place where parties haggle, threaten, bully, cry, or lie in an effort to\r\nextract movement or agreement from the other side\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003econcessions are exchanged\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:1.0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n-.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eSettlement is usually\r\nachieved somewhere in the middle of the bargaining range, depending partly on\r\nthe balance of power between the parties.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cu\u003ePrincipled\r\nnegotiation\u003c/u\u003e; The key characteristics of this strategy are:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003enegotiating on the basis of\r\nprinciples, not positions\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eencouraging problem\u0026#8209;solving\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eusing objective standards to support\r\ndecision making\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eaiming for a wise outcome reached\r\nefficiently\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cu\u003eWhy\r\nnegotiations fail:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003epoor negotiating skills of one or both\r\nparties or their advisers\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eunrealistic expectations\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:1.0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n-.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eunrealistic assessment\r\nof interest, or alternatives, or of what the other side can do\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003edesire for revenge \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003efailure to communicate interest or\r\noffers\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e*\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003einability of the parties to identify\r\nor solve a real problem in their dealings.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cu\u003eAlternate\r\nDilute Resolution:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAny alternative to the two\r\nestablished and traditional methods of dispute resolution, namely litigation\r\nand arbitration is encompassed by the term ADR, even including some processes\r\nwhich involve an imposed decision. However, mediation is being regarded as the\r\ncore ADR process, the use of other is being where specific circumstances make\r\nmediation inappropriate. The need for an alternative to litigation and\r\narbitration is broadly accepted, in particular because of the problem of time\r\nand cost but also because any adversarial process leaves wounds, which damage\r\neven, destroy relationship. The litigation and arbitration look back to the\r\npast and any decision is largely based upon history. In ADR the focus is\r\nprimarily on the future and on party interests, which are not limited to legal\r\nissues.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cu\u003eWhy ADR\r\nworks:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eADR techniques work because a\r\nthird party can help to eliminate or to reduce the effect of some main\r\nobstacles to successful negotiation.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eMediation is the ADR technique,\r\nwhich enables the parties to resume or sometimes to begin negotiations. The\r\nvery presence of the mediator changes underlying dynamic of the negotiating\r\nprocess. The mediator brings negotiating, problem solving and communication\r\nskills to the process, deployed from a position of independence and neutrality,\r\nmaking real progress possible where direct negotiations have stalled. The\r\ngeneral definition of mediation is as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoBodyText2\u003eMediation is voluntary, non\u0026#8209;binding private dispute\r\nresolution process in which a neutral person helps the parties try to reach a\r\nnegotiated settlement.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eBy now in many countries of the\r\nworld the mediation has been introduced as a mandatory requirement of law. In \u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nthough an amendment to this effect has been brought, but so far has remained\r\nineffective due to its non\u0026#8209;mandatory nature. Taking the opportunity from\r\nthis occasion may I make a request to the Honourable Chief Justice that a\r\nnecessary amendment be made in law to make the mediation mandatory in\r\nappropriate cases.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eMay I mention here that I have\r\nthe opportunity of being a faculty member of the \u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceName\u003eSindh\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e\r\n \u003cst1:PlaceName\u003eJudicial\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e \u003cst1:PlaceType\u003eAcademy\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\nand also have the honour of imparting the knowledge of ADR to the Additional\r\nDistrict Judges and Senior Civil Judges where the special skill of mediation is\r\nbeing taught. This is an excellent step because no matter how much you read\r\nabout this particular subject, the beauty lies in the skill which is applied to\r\nmake the participants arrive at a solution themselves to create a win situation\r\nfor both the parties. It is my humble submission that the Judges should be\r\nequipped with the necessary skill in this subject and therefore ongoing\r\ntraining of the Judges is the need of the time.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eDuring my sessions, I have\r\nnoticed a keen inclination towards mediation by the Judges. We shared different\r\nsituations where they had occasions to get the parties into compromise. But\r\nthere was one serious concern. The reason of mentioning this here is that I\r\nwant to convey this concern to the Honourble Chief Justice of \u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e.\r\nThe concern is that if a Judge, with whom the litigation is pending, sees a\r\npotential of compromise to the case, can he assume the role of mediator himself\r\nand try to resolve the dispute. There is a great possibility of resolving the\r\ndispute; however we cannot discount the failure of such a mode of dispute resolution.\r\nThe danger lies not in his acting as a mediator of the case which is pending in\r\nhis own Court but it lies in not getting it resolved. Why? Because during the\r\nmediation process, the Judge as a mediator gets exposed to the parties\u0027\r\ninterest, goals, strengths and weaknesses. In case of failure, the information\r\nwill definitely influence his judgment as an adjudicator of the case. To\r\nmitigate this risk it, is my humble submission before the Honourable Chief\r\nJustice of Pakistan that if the, Judge feels that there is a possibility of\r\ncompromise in a case then for the mediation the case should be referred to one\r\nof his brother Judges. This would not only create the trust and confidence of\r\nthe litigants but would guard against any adverse impression such as Judge\r\nbeing partial etc.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"