"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 9\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 9\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"./2002J5_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eTHE MUJALLAH\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003ecosmos\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eSaif\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e3\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  \u003co:TotalTime\u003e1\u003c/o:TotalTime\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Created\u003e2002-04-03T09:29:00Z\u003c/o:Created\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastSaved\u003e2003-01-03T07:03:00Z\u003c/o:LastSaved\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Pages\u003e1\u003c/o:Pages\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Words\u003e3909\u003c/o:Words\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Characters\u003e22282\u003c/o:Characters\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Company\u003eoratier\u003c/o:Company\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Lines\u003e185\u003c/o:Lines\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Paragraphs\u003e44\u003c/o:Paragraphs\u003e\r\n  \u003co:CharactersWithSpaces\u003e27363\u003c/o:CharactersWithSpaces\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Version\u003e9.2720\u003c/o:Version\u003e\r\n \u003c/o:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003cw:WordDocument\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:View\u003eNormal\u003c/w:View\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing\u003e2.85 pt\u003c/w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery\u003e2\u003c/w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery\u003e\r\n \u003c/w:WordDocument\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n\u003c!--\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\np.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal\r\n\t{mso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmargin:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\nh1\r\n\t{mso-style-next:Normal;\r\n\tmargin-top:0in;\r\n\tmargin-right:1.95in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-align:center;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tpage-break-after:avoid;\r\n\tmso-outline-level:1;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-font-kerning:0pt;\r\n\tmso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}\r\n@page Section1\r\n\t{size:6.35in 841.7pt;\r\n\tmargin:.75in 0in 2.9pt .35in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cscript language=\"JavaScript\"\u003e\r\n\u003c!--\r\nfunction NoSelect()\r\n{\r\n{alert(\"OOoops! You are not authorized to copy the TEXT.......!\")}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nfunction noRightClick()\r\n{if (event.button==2)\r\n{alert(\"The Data is Copyright Property of PLD \u0026 PakistanLawSite.com\")}\r\n}\r\ndocument.onmousedown=noRightClick; \r\ndocument.onselectstart=NoSelect;\r\ndocument.onkeydown= Stopit; \r\ndocument.onkeypress = Stopit; \r\ndocument.onkeyup = Stopit; \r\nfunction Stopit()\r\n{alert(\"Copyright (C) 2000  LawOnLine  All Rights Reserved\");\r\nwindow.open (\u0027http://www.pakistanlawsite.com\u0027);} \r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/script\u003e\r\n\u003cscript src=\"../../../nc.js\" type=\"text/javascript\" \u003e\u003c/script\u003e\r\n  \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eTHE MUJALLAH\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eFOREWORD\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eAND\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eTHE HUNDRED\r\nMAXIMS\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eRENDERED\r\nINTO ENGLISH\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eBY\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eMR. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan\r\nlang=EN-GB style=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eJUSTICE A. R. CORNELIUS,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eChief Justice,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eSupreme Court of Pakistan\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eINTRODUCTORY\r\nNOTE\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThis translation is the result of a few\r\nsittings last September and October, by my lamented friend, Mr. George Talia,\r\nand myself. We worked with the aid of an Arabic version of the Mujallah as\r\ncurrent in Iraq at the turn of the century. This book was the gift to me of H.\r\nE. A1 Sayed Abdul Kadir Al Gaylani, Ambassador for the Republic of Iraq. It had\r\nbeen used by him and by his father before him. For my assistance, as I know no\r\nArabic, there was a translation of the Mujallah in Urdu published in Hyderabad\r\n(Deccan), of which a copy was made available to me through the kindness of Mr.\r\nTanzilur Rahman, Advocate of Karachi.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eMr. George Talia was an Arab of Baghdad, who\r\nhad gained a degree in law at the University there, and had studied the Mujallah\r\nas part of his courses. He was fully conversant with legal Arabic, and having\r\nalso a good command of English, he was able to grasp and explain the exact\r\nmeaning of the Arabic expressions, particularly those in the maxims, where the\r\npurport is put into the fewest possible words. My part in the work was to\r\nexpress the meaning in English legal terms, to the best of my ability.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eTo my great regret, Mr. George Talia died\r\nsuddenly of heart failure in Beirut, in December last year, and thus the work\r\ncame to an end for the time being. I hope to continue it with another\r\ncollaborator. These portions of the translation are presented, as a tribute to\r\nhis memory, and in the hope that they may be of interest to the legal\r\nfraternity in Pakistan,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eTHE MAXIMS\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eFOREWORD\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 1.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eFiqah\r\nis the study of practical questions of law. In part, it is con cerned with\r\nthings of the next world, and in that behalf is called \u0027Ibadat. Where it is\r\nconcerned with material things, it is divided into three parts, namely,\r\nMunakehat, Muamilat and \u0027Aqubal. The order of worldly things is to last so long\r\nas Allah the Almighty has determined, and so long must the human race also\r\nendure. The perpetuation of mankind depends on the pairing of human males with\r\nhuman females. According to his nature, man needs to produce food, clothing and\r\nhabitation. That requires mutual assistance and joint effort among individuals.\r\nAnd since man is sociable by nature, and cannot live in isolation, like the\r\nrest of the animals, for spread ing the carpet of orderly existence, he\r\nrequires mutual assistance and joint effort. Each man has his peculiar needs\r\nand will compete strongly with others (to satisfy them). Therefore to secure\r\nand order and freedom from disturbance, men require rules of law. Those which\r\ndeal with relations of men with women are called in Fiqah, munakehat. Those\r\nwhich deal with order in human affairs are called muamilat. So as to establish\r\nand maintain such order, rules of retribution, i.e., the law of penalties\r\nbecomes necessary, which is called \u0027aqubat.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe Mujallah is confined to Muamilat, and deals\r\nwith those principles which are of most frequent application. These have been\r\ncollected from accepted sources. It is divided into books, chapters and\r\narticles. The Chapters and Articles deal with detailed rules that are applied\r\nby the Courts, True jurists have reduced questions of fiqah to comprehensive\r\nmaxims, each of which comprehends and governs a great many matters. These\r\nmaxims are accepted and respected in the commentaries on Fiqah. They constitute\r\nrelevant facts that have probative effect. They assist in the understanding of\r\nmatters by providing a connection with basic principles, and they help to fix\r\nthose principles in the memory. If an individual maxim should appear to leave\r\nsome part of its subject\u0026#8209;matter not covered, that must not be thought to\r\ndetract from its effect, within its terms. For the meaning of an individual\r\nmaxim may be specialized, and in some cases limited, when it is read along with\r\none or more of the other maxims.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:\"Courier New\";mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eTHE HUNDRED\r\nMAXIMS OF \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB style=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eFIQAH\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 2.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eThe\r\nbasis of every order is the intention thereof: a judgment base on an order\r\nshould follow the intention and purpose of that order.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 3:\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eContracts\r\nare to be understood in relation to their intention an substance, not by the\r\nwords and phrases used: so a bai\u0026#8209;bil\u0026#8209;wafa wil be held as a mortgage\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 4.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eA\r\nbelief amounting to conviction cannot be caused to disappear by doubt.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 5. It is a principle that a thing remains\r\nas it is.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 6. Let the ancient rest on its age. Art.\r\n7. A wrong is a wrong even though it be ancient.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 8.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eThe\r\nbasic principle is that of freedom from obligation; so that if one destroys the\r\nproperty of another, and they differ as to the extent of the damage, the word\r\nof the person destroying may be taken, but the owner of the property may bring\r\nevidence to prove the excess.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 9.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eAs\r\nto incorporeal matters that do not prove themselves, the basic principle\r\n(presumption) is that they do not exist; so that if between the active partner\r\nand the financier, there be a dispute as to profit, the word of the active\r\npartner will be taken, and the financier may lead evidence to prove the actual\r\nprofit.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 10. Anything once proved remains proved,\r\nuntil the contrary is estab lished; so that if one is proved to have been the\r\nowner of anything, his ownership will be decreed unless something is found\r\nwhich has caused it to be removed.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 11. Every occurrence is presumed to be of\r\nrecent date; so that, if there be dispute as to time, an occurrence will be\r\nrelated to the nearest date, unless it be proved to be of earlier date.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 12. The presumption is that what is said\r\nis true.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 13. No reliance is to be placed on\r\ninference, as against expression.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 14. In the face of the text, studied\r\nconstruction is not permissible\u0026#8209;.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 15. What is proved not to correspond to\r\nthe (true) measure, cannot be a measure for other things.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 16. One considered construction is not\r\navoided by another.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 17. To make easy that which is difficult\r\nto bear, that is to soften a hard ship and to relax that which is too strict,\u0026#8209;this\r\nproposition is the basis of many rules of Fiqah in relation to debt, to\r\ntransfer of obligations, to restraint on competency, etc., by which lessening\r\nof burdens in accordance with the Sharia\u0027 (of muamilat) has been brought about\r\nby the jurists.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 18. Relax that which is too strict, i.e.,\r\nanything that is difficult is to be softened and widened.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 19. No wrong, no wrong\u0026#8209;doing.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 20. Wrong is to be undone.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 21. Necessities justify that which may be\r\nunlawful.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 22. The extent of necessities limits\r\naction thereunder.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 23. What is lawful for a reason becomes\r\ninvalid when such reason disappears.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 24. When a bar is removed, the thing that\r\nwas barred is revived.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt 25. A wrong is not avoided by another of\r\nthe same kind.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 26. To avoid public injury, a private\r\ninjury may be suffered: hence the rule forbidding practice by ignorant doctors.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 27. A greater injury may be avoided by a\r\nlesser injury.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 28. In the face of two unlawful things,\r\nthe lesser may be committed to avoid the greater.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 29. The lesser of two evils is to be\r\nchosen.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 30. Unlawful things are to be prevented,\r\nirrespective of benefit.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 31. Injury is to be resisted to the extent\r\npossible.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 32. A need `whether public or private\u0027\r\nassumes the character of a necessity: this was why bai\u0026#8209;bil\u0026#8209;wafa was\r\npermitted in Bukhara, where the people\u0027s indebtedness had become excessive, and\r\nsince then the rule has become general.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 33. Necessity does not destroy the rights\r\nof others; for example, one who is compelled to eat the food of another is\r\nstill liable to pay the cost.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 34. What is haram to take is haram to\r\ngive.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 35. What is haram to do is haram to\r\ndemand.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 36. Custom is a source of judicial\r\ndecisions; custom whether general or private is to be taken as a judicial\r\ndecision to establish a rule of law.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 37. A general practice of the people\r\nacquires legal force, and must be acted upon.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 38. What is forbidden by custom is\r\nforbidden in truth.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 39. Change of conditions through passage\r\nof time will not alter a decision.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 40. Custom has force to make void a fact.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 41. The custom which is most widely prevalent\r\nand operative is to be relied on.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 42. Credence is to be given to that which\r\nis publicly and generally operative, and not to what is rare (little seen).\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 43. What is a matter of common practice\r\nhas the same effect as an express condition.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 44. Matters of common practice among\r\nmerchants have the same effect as express conditions between them.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 45. Specification by common practice is\r\nequivalent to definition by text.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 46. If there be conflict between a bar to\r\ncertain action and the necessity for such action, the bar will prevail; for\r\nexample, a mortgagor may not sell the mortgaged property so long as it is in\r\nthe mortgagee\u0027s possession.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 47. That which belongs goes with the thing\r\nto which it belongs; for instance, the foetus in a pregnant animal which is\r\nsold goes with the animal.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 48. For purposes of decision, a thing\r\nwhich belongs cannot be dealt with separately from the thing to which it\r\nbelongs: for instance, a foetus may not be sold separately from the mother.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 49. The owner of the property owns also\r\nall rights necessary for its enjoyment; for instance, he who buys a house\r\nacquires also the means of access thereto.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 50. When the root ceases to exist, the\r\nbranch also ceases to exist.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 51. A right which has been lost does not\r\nreturn; just as that whose existence is annihilated does not return.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 52. When a thing becomes void, everything\r\nencompassed within it also becomes void.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 53. When the root becomes void, a\r\nsubstitute is to be sought.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 54. You may remit in consequential or\r\ndependent actions what you may not remit in others. Thus, if a buyer gives\r\nauthority to the seller to hold the thing sold, that is not permissible. But if\r\nthe buyer asks the seller to measure the goods sold into a receptacle provided\r\nby\u0027 the buyer, and this is done, possession would then be deemed to be that of\r\nthe buyer.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 55. In the final (decision) that may be\r\nexcused which would be fatal (in law) if it had appeared at the commencement:\r\nfor instance, if a piece of land be gifted, and it is later discovered that\r\nthere was a co\u0026#8209;sharer in it (other than the donor) the gift is valid as\r\nto the remaining share (i.e., of the donor) even although it is a share in\r\nundivided property.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 56. The end is easier than the beginning.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 57. A free and voluntary gift is not\r\ncomplete without transfer of posses sion; thus a gift is not complete unless\r\npossession of the thing gifted is made over to the donee.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 58. Power in respect of the people\u0027s\r\nproperty must be exercised for the public benefit.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 59. Special authority is stronger than\r\ngeneral authority; thus the autho rity of the Mutawalli of a Wakf has\r\nprecedence over the authority of the Qadi.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 60. Words are to be given effect to,\r\nrather than to be rejected, so long as any meaning can be given to them.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 61. If a factual meaning cannot be given,\r\na figurative meaning may be applied.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 62. When no meaning can be given to words,\r\nthey are to be rejected; that is, neither factual nor figurative meaning.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 63. Where a thing is not divisible,\r\nmention of it by part is equivalent to mention of the whole.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 64. What is absolute remains absolute\r\nunless limited by text or by proof.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 65. Description of a thing which is\r\nvisibly present is otiose, but the description of a thing not there is binding:\r\nthus if A, when selling his horse which is on the spot, pointing to it\r\ndescribes it as black when it is in fact grey, and the buyer accepts it, the\r\nsale is valid, and the description is otiose, but if the horse sold be not\r\nthere, and A says that it is grey, whereas in fact it is black, the sale will\r\nnot be valid.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 66. A question is reflected in the answer\r\nthereto: that is, the content of an honest question has the quality of an\r\nhonest admission in reply.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 67. Silence is not to be construed as\r\nspeech, except silence when there is occasion for speech; that is no statement\r\ncan be attributed to a person who remains silent, but to keep silent where\r\nspeech is called for amounts to a spoken admission.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 68. In matters not visible an inference of\r\na thing has validity that is you judge by the appearance where it is difficult\r\nto ascertain the facts.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 69. Writing is equivalent to speaking.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 70. Recognised dumb\u0026#8209;signs are\r\nequivalent to speech by tongue.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 71. The word of the translator is to be\r\naccepted implicitly.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 72. No reliance on any supposition which\r\nis apparently defective.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 73. A possibility which is based on mere\r\ninference has no force; for example, if a person admits a debt to one of his\r\nheirs, when in a state of marz\u0026#8209;ul\u0026#8209;mout, the admission is of no\r\neffect, unless the remaining heirs support it, because the possibility that the\r\nman intended to deprive the other heirs is supported by the fact of his illness\r\n; whereas such an admission. is acceptable if made in a state of health, for\r\nany intention thereby to deprive the other heirs becomes a bare possibility, a\r\nsort of imagination, which has no force as against the admission.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 74. No reliance on mere imagination.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 75. A thing which is established by proof\r\nis equivalent to a thing actually seen.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 76. Proof is on the claimant; oath on him\r\nwho denies.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 77. Proof to establish the contrary of\r\nappearances; oath to maintain the basis.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 78. Proof has positive force; (by\r\ncomparison) admission is deficient in force.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 79. Admission binds the person who makes\r\nit.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 80. No force is left when two things\r\ncontradict each other, but such contradiction will not avoid a judicial\r\ndecision: for example, if two eye\u0026#8209;witnesses should resile from their\r\nstatements, those statements will lose their legal force, but should a judge\r\nhave made a judgment in accordance with their statements, that judgment will\r\nnot be void; moreover, the two witnesses will be bound to satisfy the judgment.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 81. Although the base may not be\r\nestablished, something arising therefrom may be established ; for example, if a\r\nperson should say \u0026quot;A owes B so much as a debt, and I am surety for\r\nit\u0026quot;, and A denies the debt, whereupon B sues the surety, the latter is\r\nbound to make good the debt.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 82. That whose existence is dependent on a\r\ncondition is established when the condition is established.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 83. A condition must be observed so far as\r\npossible.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 84. A promise subject to a condition is\r\nbinding, for example, if A were to say to B \u0026quot;sell this thing to C, and if\r\nC does not pay the price, I will pay it\u0026quot;, then if C should fail to pay the\r\nprice, A is bound to pay it m performance of his conditional promise.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 85. Payment for user goes with user, that\r\nis, when the thing used is destroyed in the possession of the user thereof,\r\ncompensation for use will be included in the compensation for its value; for\r\nexample, if the buyer of an animal returns it because of a defect, after using it\r\nfor a period, he is not liable to pay for the use of the animal, since if it\r\nhad died before being so returned, it would have died as his property.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 86. Payment for the use of a thing cannot\r\nbe combined with compensation for the thing itself.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 87. Damage and benefit go together; for\r\nexample, he who derives benefit from a thing must also bear any damage from it.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 88. The blessings of a thing are in\r\nproportion to the evils thereof, and vice versa.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 89. The agent is responsible for his action,\r\nand not the person under whose orders he acts, unless there be compulsion.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 90. As between a proximate agent and a\r\nremote agent, the decision will go against the proximate agent; for example,\r\nshould a person dig a well in a public highway, and another person throw an\r\nanimal not belonging to him into the well, the responsibility will be that of\r\nthe person who threw the animal in, and not that of the person who dug the\r\nwell.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 91. What is permissible in law cannot be a\r\ncause for liability; for example, should a man dig a well in his own land, and\r\nan animal belonging to another falls in and dies, the person who dug the well\r\nis free of liability.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 92. The proximate agent is responsible,\r\neven in the absence of pre. meditation.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 93. The remote agent is not responsible,\r\nunless there be premeditation on his part.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 94. Injury by a dumb animal is not a\r\ncrime.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 95. An order by one person to dispose of\r\nthe property of another is null and void.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 96. No one may dispose of the property of\r\nanother, without the latter\u0027s permission.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 97. No one may take the property of\r\nanother, except for a lawful reason.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 98. A change in the nature of\r\nproprietorship of a thing is equivalent to a change in the thing itself.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 99. He who hastens an event in order to\r\nacquire a thing before its due time will be punished by being denied that\r\nthing.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eArt. 100. The attempt of a person to undo what\r\nhas been finalised by his own act will recoil on him.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eSIR SHAH MUHAMMAD SULAIMAN\u0027S CONTRIBUTIONS\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eTO\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eLAW AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003ePRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eOF\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eMR. JUSTICE A. R. CORNELIUS,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eChief Justice, Supreme Court of Pakistan\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eAT\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;DR. SIR SHAH MUHAMMAD SULAIMAN\u0027S DAY\r\nMEETING\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eAT KARACHI\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eON THE\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e18TH MARCH, 1966\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eI am deeply honoured by being asked to preside\r\nat this distinguished gathering and greatly obliged to the Pakistan Urdu\r\nAcademy for this oppor tunity to join in giving expression to the feelings of\r\nwhole\u0026#8209;hearted admiration that I have long cherished for the late Dr. Sir\r\nShah Muhammad Sulaiman. I have known about him for a very long time, that is to\r\nsay since my days at the Allahabad University of which he was one of the most\r\ndistinguished alumni. The reason is that I was fortunate enough to follow him\r\nin one respect in my University days, and that is that some fourteen years\r\nafter him 1 was the winner of the Homersham Cox medal for mathematics at the\r\ndegree examination. That made me curious about his later career. Although I was\r\nnever fortunate enough to meet him, you can be sure that I followed his career\r\nwith a great deal of interest even though from a distance.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eCAREER OF GREAT BRILLIANCE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eAs you have all heard from the other\r\ndistinguished speakers it was a career of the greatest brilliance on the legal\r\nand judicial side. One of the youngest persons ever to be appointed Judge of a\r\nHigh Court, he came to the Chief Justice ship of that very famous seat of\r\njustice, namely, the great High Court of Allahabad in a very few years. It is\r\ndoubtful whether either the Bench or the bar at Allahabad has ever been so\r\ngenerously equipped with the highest talent as it was in the time of Sir Shah\r\nMuhammad Sulaiman. So that it was entirely in the fitness of things that when\r\nthe Federal Court of India was set up, he should have been one of the two Indian\r\nJudges appointed to its Bench. It was first step and indeed a step which should\r\nhave been taken many years earlier, towards the total independence of the\r\njudicial administra tion in the great Empire of India from foreign control.\r\n\u0027Those who have studied the numerous published judgments that were delivered by\r\nSir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman in the Federal Court will know that in every thing\r\nthat fell from his pen, there is apparent the depth of his anxiety to set and\r\nmaintain the very highest judicial standards. Each judgment is distinguished by\r\nextreme thoroughness in examination of every proper aspect of the questions\r\narising in the case. On every question the argument is set out with the\r\ngreatest clarity and the law is examined and precedents brought under scrutiny\r\nwith infinite care and perspicacity \u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eOne can feel that the writer was aware that the\r\nCourt was destined for an even higher status than that allowed to it under the\r\nGovernment of India Act, 1935. In his time, its jurisdiction was confined to\r\nconstitutional questions arising out of the new Constitution provided by that\r\nAct with its division of powers between the Federa tion and the Provinces.\r\nAppeals lay from it to the Privy Council, thus maintaining the element of\r\nsubordination. The general jurisdiction of the Sovereign as the seat of justice\r\nwas still enjoyed by the Judicial Committee. It was a position that no judicial\r\nmind of the majestic quality that Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman possessed, could\r\nhave faced without some feelings of frustration. But all rights and freedoms\r\nwere matters of grant at the hands of the ruling power from Whitehall in those\r\ndays. The only ray of hope lay in the fact that provision was made in the\r\nGovernment of India Act for extension by the Indian Parliament of the Court\u0027s jurisdiction\r\nso that a time could be foreseen when in the extended field at least, the power\r\nof final decision would find its way into the hands of Judges in India. In a\r\nfew years, extension did come about, and a few years later, Indepen dence was\r\ngained and with it the opportunity was grasped to gain total freedom from the\r\njudicial control that had been exercised by the Privy Council sitting in\r\nWhitehall for something like a hundred years. Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman did\r\nnot survive to see the day when these blessings came to the people. But all\r\nthat he did in the too short period that he graced the Federal Court of India\r\nbefore his lamented death at the very early age of 52 can be clearly seen as\r\nwork done in preparation for the final culmination. His work, thanks to the\r\nestablished system by which judgments are recorded in perpetuity and many of\r\nthem are published for the common. benefit, will stand as an example of\r\nearnestness, industry, vigorous thought and extreme judicial balance for the\r\ngenerations that have followed. How great is the keenness of the regret which\r\nwe in Pakistan must feel that this greatly talented, this very highly\r\naccomplished judicial authority of vast experience, did not survive long enough\r\nto lend the distinction of his person ality to the establishment and\r\ndevelopment of our own system of justice! We can be certain that when the day\r\nof Partition came in 1947, he would certainly not have hesitated had he been\r\nalive to place all of his vast faculties at the disposal of the Government and\r\npeople of Pakistan.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eSCHOLAR OF MUSLIM CLASSICS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThere is no doubt whatsoever that his faculties\r\nwere on a scale belonging to the very limited class of geniuses at the very\r\nhighest level that the world has seen. We have heard today a brief account of\r\nthe depth as well as the breadth of his remarkable mind. Had he survived to the\r\nnormal span, there would undoubtedly have been before the world proofs of his\r\ncontributions to the advancement of thought in many other fields besides those\r\nof justice and of the mathematical science of matter, and of which we have\r\nheard. For instance, I feel no doubt that he would have made it a principal\r\nconcern to secure that the Urdu language should become in West Pakistan at\r\nleast, the principal vehicle of intellectual thought and expression. A scholar\r\nof the Muslim classics, he could not but have been aware that language is the\r\nmain limb of the intellect, and that the intellect of the people of Pakistan\r\ndeserved to be freed from the necessity of moving with the aid of artificial\r\nlimbs from abroad, such as the English language. His contributions in the field\r\nof University education were already of sufficient note when his brief life\r\ncame to a sudden end. How greatly would he have appreciated the opportunity to\r\nmake his experience available for the further spread of University education in\r\nPakistan, and to establish its foundations, so that our people should not be\r\ncontent merely to receive knowledge achieved in other lands at second\u0026#8209;hand,\r\nbut to prepare for the day when our learned men should be again, as they were\r\nin the centuries gone by, torch\u0026#8209;bearers in the advancement of knowledge.\r\nThe operations of his fine intellect in the judicial field serving today as\r\nthey do to light the way for lesser men like myself to follow in his foot\u0026#8209;steps,\r\nmay well have set alight in Pakistan a flame to attract the finest intellects\r\ninto the channels of legal research and refine ment. I feel no doubt that one\r\nof his interests would have been to see that the finest achievements of law and\r\njustice in the period of the great Muslim Empires of old should be collected\r\nand made the basis of a formulated system of Muslim Common Law, within the\r\ncontext of which, our legal and judicial systems should henceforth advance into\r\nthe modern age.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eCONTRIBUTIONS TO HIGHER\r\nMATHEMATICS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eI cannot speak with any direct knowledge of his\r\ncontributions to the higher mathematics even though mathematics was one of the\r\nsubjects in which I graduated. Despite his having taken to the law so\r\nseriously, he could find time to devote independent thought to that difficult\r\nsubject, in its very highest reaches. I have with me a letter from Dr. Zahur\r\nHussain, now living in Jhelum, who worked with Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman\r\nduring the last years of his life. He reports that Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman\u0027s\r\nthinking on the subject, and the new methods of approach which he was pursuing\r\nhave been taken up by great scholars and scientists in Europe, and are being\r\nmade the foundation for further advances. Some of the terms which Sir Shah\r\nMuhammad Sulaiman invented have already gained a prominent place in the\r\nsymbolic language of mathematics.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eA great genius and philosopher was removed from\r\nthe world with the death of Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman. It is I think an act of\r\nreal piety that the Pakistan Urdu Academy has performed today, in commemorating\r\nthe anniversary of his death. But it is evident that more is required than mere\r\noccasional meetings of this kind, to give a just measure of honour to his\r\ngreatness.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003ePAKISTANIS\u0027 CLAIM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eWhen persons abroad are found who appreciate\r\nhis contributions to human knowledge and are prepared to pursue them further\r\nit; the search of the ultimate realities, surely we in Pakistan who live in\r\ndirect continuation of the life he lived, can undertake something of the same\r\nkind. Indeed, it is a task which we should claim as peculiarly our own. There\r\nis work here for our rising generation of young mathematicians and physicists,\r\nwhich They will look upon in their later years with a feeling of true national\r\nand even religious pride. There is work also for our lawyers, that is such of\r\nthem as have a love of the law and not merely a love of litigation or\r\nlitigants. It is time that the vast numbers of Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman\u0027s\r\npublished judgments were studied and analysed, and expression was given to the\r\ntrends of his legal and judicial thinking and the contributions that he made\r\ntowards the clarification of law and the advancement of legal principles. The\r\nintellec tuals of Pakistan are entitled to claim that this great genius\r\nbelonged to them, but they must exert themselves to provide proofs that they\r\nare worthy of that proprietorship.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"