"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 9\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 9\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"./2002J11_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eCHANGES IN THE\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003ecosmos\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eSaif\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e4\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  \u003co:TotalTime\u003e0\u003c/o:TotalTime\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Created\u003e2002-04-03T09:29:00Z\u003c/o:Created\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastSaved\u003e2003-01-03T07:03:00Z\u003c/o:LastSaved\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Pages\u003e1\u003c/o:Pages\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Words\u003e2883\u003c/o:Words\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Characters\u003e16435\u003c/o:Characters\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Company\u003eoratier\u003c/o:Company\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Lines\u003e136\u003c/o:Lines\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Paragraphs\u003e32\u003c/o:Paragraphs\u003e\r\n  \u003co:CharactersWithSpaces\u003e20183\u003c/o:CharactersWithSpaces\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Version\u003e9.2720\u003c/o:Version\u003e\r\n \u003c/o:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003cw:WordDocument\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:View\u003eNormal\u003c/w:View\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing\u003e2.85 pt\u003c/w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery\u003e2\u003c/w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery\u003e\r\n \u003c/w:WordDocument\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n\u003c!--\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\np.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal\r\n\t{mso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmargin:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\nh1\r\n\t{mso-style-next:Normal;\r\n\tmargin-top:0in;\r\n\tmargin-right:1.95in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-align:center;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tpage-break-after:avoid;\r\n\tmso-outline-level:1;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-font-kerning:0pt;\r\n\tmso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}\r\n@page Section1\r\n\t{size:6.35in 841.7pt;\r\n\tmargin:.75in 0in 2.9pt .35in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cscript language=\"JavaScript\"\u003e\r\n\u003c!--\r\nfunction NoSelect()\r\n{\r\n{alert(\"OOoops! You are not authorized to copy the TEXT.......!\")}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nfunction noRightClick()\r\n{if (event.button==2)\r\n{alert(\"The Data is Copyright Property of PLD \u0026 PakistanLawSite.com\")}\r\n}\r\ndocument.onmousedown=noRightClick; \r\ndocument.onselectstart=NoSelect;\r\ndocument.onkeydown= Stopit; \r\ndocument.onkeypress = Stopit; \r\ndocument.onkeyup = Stopit; \r\nfunction Stopit()\r\n{alert(\"Copyright (C) 2000  LawOnLine  All Rights Reserved\");\r\nwindow.open (\u0027http://www.pakistanlawsite.com\u0027);} \r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/script\u003e\r\n\u003cscript src=\"../../../nc.js\" type=\"text/javascript\" \u003e\u003c/script\u003e\r\n  \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eCHANGES IN THE\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eCODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eTO\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eELIMINATE DELAYS IN CRIMINAL CASES\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eBY\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eNAZIRUDDIN AHMAD\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eSenior\r\nAdvocate, Supreme Court of Pakistan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe Ministry of Law has sent a memorandum to\r\nthe Pakistan Bar Council containing certain suggestions for some far\u0026#8209;reaching\r\nchanges in the structure of the Code of Criminal Procedure affecting criminal\r\ntrials, for their opinion. They are said to be the result of the actual\r\nexperience of judicial officers. These are also the recommendations of the Law\r\nReforms Commission published in 1959.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eBroadly speaking, the suggestions are three in number,\r\nnamely; (i) abo lition of the procedure of warrant cases, (ii) the abolition of\r\nthe commitment proceedings in cases triable by the Court of Session, and (iii)\r\nthe abolition of the system of associating assessors with sessions trials.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eAs these suggestions have been made for the\r\navowed purpose of elimi nating delays in criminal trials, they deserve the\r\nserious consideration of all interested in the speedy and effective\r\ndispensation of justice in criminal cases.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eUndue and inordinate delays undeniably occur in\r\nthe disposal of criminal cases at various stages, but the causes of these\r\ndelays and their nature and effect have not been gone into either by the\r\nCommission or in the memorandum. It has been taken for granted that the\r\nelimination of these procedures will as a matter of course eliminate the\r\ndelays.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eSpeaking from long experience in the various\r\ntypes of criminal Courts, I suggest, with respect, that the real or the major\r\ncauses of the delays, which undoubtedly occur, have not been examined and the suggested\r\nchanges in the Code will not appreciably reduce these delays\u0026#8209;not to speak\r\nof elimi nating them altogether\u0026#8209;and will positively harm the cause of\r\njustice which it is the purpose of the Code to ensure.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eTHE IMPUGNED\r\nPROVISIONS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eI shall first deal with the impugned provisions\r\nof the Code and the purposes they were designed to serve. For the purpose of\r\nproviding different modes of trial the Code has divided cases into three\r\ncategories: (i) summons cases, (ii) warrant cases, and (iii) cases triable by the\r\nCourt of Session. These are considered in their order.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(i) Summons cases: Summons cases are as a rule\r\nsimple in nature and the offences are punishable with small fines and\r\nimprisonments not exceeding six months. The shortened procedure prescribed for\r\nthese cases in Chapter XX is unexceptionable and bas stood the test of time.\r\nCertain offences falling under this category and some warrant cases are now\r\nmade triable by the Conciliation Courts set up under the Conciliation Courts\r\nOrdinance.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(ii) Werrant cases.\u0026#8209;Offences under this\r\ncategory are usually more complicated in nature, in fact and law, besides\r\ncarrying higher punishments. Some more serious offences falling within this\r\ncategory are made triable by the. Court of Session and are dealt with under\r\ncategory (iii) below. The trial of . warrant cases consists of two stages: (a)\r\ntaking evidence to see if a prima facie case has been made out for framing a\r\nformal charge. Interesting questions of fact and law often arise at this stage.\r\nExperienced lawyers often cross\u0026#8209;examine witnesses at this stage to show\r\nthat prima facie case has not been made out, when the accused has to be\r\ndischarged, thus putting a timely end to an untenable case. The other purpose\r\nof this preliminary stage is to give the accused and the prosecution and the\r\nMagistrate a clear picture of the case and to reduce the length and duration of\r\nthe second stage to reasonable proportions. (b) After charge, if any, the\r\naccused cross\u0026#8209;examines the prosecution witnesses and examines defence\r\nwitnesses, if necessary. The first stage is designed to clarify the issues and\r\nto prevent both sides from prolonging the trial by going into irrelevant\r\nmatters. The second stage is designed to test the specific case made out at the\r\nfirst stage. Properly understood, the two stages constitute a clarifying and\r\ntime saving device, besides securing a fair trial to the accused. This\r\nprocedure has stood the test of over a century, and should not be disturbed.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(iii) Sessions cases.\u0026#8209;These are the most\r\nserious cases involving heavy punishments including transportation and death,\r\nbesides raising complicated issues of fact and law, both substantive and proce dural.\r\nHere also the procedure is split up into two stages: (a) first, the commitment\r\nproceedings under Chapter XVIII before a Magistrate. The purpose is to make\r\nsure that a prima facie case has been made out justifying the taking of the\r\nvaluable time of the Sessions Court. The nature of the case and the evidence\r\nagainst the accused are also clearly determined at this stage.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIn many cases the offence is proved but the\r\ncomplicity of the accused or some of them is not made out. In some cases a\r\nlittle cross\u0026#8209;examination or argument by the accused exonerates the\r\naccused or some of them from responsibility for the crime. In such cases the\r\naccused or some of them have to be discharged. Thus many untenable cases are\r\ncut short at an early stage, and much public time and money and the anxieties\r\nand harassment of the accused are mercifully saved.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(b) Trial at the Sessions.\u0026#8209;When the case\r\nsurvives the preliminary judicial test and the case is sent up to the Sessions,\r\nthe Judge, the Public Prosecutor and the accused have a clear picture of the\r\nevidence against him, and the case to be developed by the prosecution and to be\r\ntested by the defence, and so get ready for the trial. The witnesses also know\r\nthat their statements on oath are judicially recorded and are available to all\r\nas substantive evidence under section 288 of the Code, thus making it difficult\r\nfor witnesses to resile from them, as they often try to do, out of corrupt\r\nmotives or forgetfulness. The trial proceeds on lines clearly chalked out at\r\nthe commitment stage, and is fair to all concerned. The only thing to do now is\r\nfor the prosecution to develop the evidence, and for the defence to cross\u0026#8209;examine\r\nthe witnesses and for both sides to argue the case. Properly looked at, the two\u0026#8209;stage\r\nprocedure is really a systematic and business like approach to the trial and\r\nconstitutes a time and labour\u0026#8209;saving device to ensure justice and fair\u0026#8209;play\r\nand has also stood the test of over p century of experience in the Indo\u0026#8209;Pakistan\r\nsub\u0026#8209;continent and in the Commonwealth countries for a much longer time.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIf any time is taken in the commitment\r\nproceedings, it is done to ensure clarity and brevity at the trial and to\r\nsecure justice to all concerned, the pro secution the defence and the society\r\nat large, which is also interested in the orderly proceeding in criminal cases.\r\nIt is in reality time spent to save time. To abolish the commitment stage is to\r\nabolish justice and fair\u0026#8209;play, and to invite delay and confusion and to\r\nprocure miscarriage of justice.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eTRIAL BEFORE\r\nSPECIAL JUDGES\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe Commission has suggested that instead of\r\nthe commitment proceed ings, charge\u0026#8209;sheet should be submitted by the\r\npolice direct to the Court of Session. The effect of this would be to introduce\r\na new procedure now prevalent in trials before Special Judges in corruption\r\ncases under the Crimi nal Law Amendment Act, XL of 1958. This leads me to\r\nconsider the merits and demerits of the system brought to light in the\r\npractical working of the Act.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe police submits charge\u0026#8209;sheet direct to\r\nthe, Special Judge without the sifting and clarifying process of a commitment proceeding.\r\nExperience in these trials has shown many defects and many ways of prolonging\r\nthe trials and harassment to the accused. Many cases are sent up where no prima\r\nfacie case can be made out. Cases where the available evidence is insufficient\r\nfor a conviction are frequently sent up. Cases depending entirely upon the\r\nretracted confession of a co\u0026#8209;accused or upon inconclusive circumstantial\r\nevidence, and even upon suspicion are often sent up to these Courts. Cases\r\nwhich are generally true but where the evidence against the accused or against\r\nsome of them is insufficient, are also sent up without proper examination. Even\r\nthe Public Prosecutor\u0027s certificate is no guarantee against untenable cases\r\ncoming up to these Courts. The accused cannot go up to the High Court for\r\nquashing the charge\u0026#8209;sheet as the case against him is not precisely stated\r\nnor the evidence clearly indicated. The case is in a nebulous condition and its\r\nstrength or weakness cannot be clearly determined. The result is utter waste of\r\npublic time and money and, of course, uncertainties and harassment to the\r\naccused.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003ePOLICE\r\nSTATEMENTS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eAs a suggested substitute for evidence recorded\r\nby a Magistrate during commitment proceedings which it is proposed to abolish\r\ncopies of statements of witnesses purporting to have been recorded by a police\r\nofficer under section 161, Cr. P. C., is directed to be supplied to the\r\naccused. This procedure has serious drawbacks and is open to grave objections.\r\nThe authenticity of these statements is open to grave doubts. They could be\r\nchanged before copies are supplied to the accused and their genuineness cannot\r\nbe verified. Cases have come to light where records of these state ments have\r\nbeen changed and spurious copies supplied to the accused. These are recorded in\r\nloose sheets which can be changed.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eFurther, their scope and utility are very\r\nlimited. The statements can be used only by the defence and only in cross\u0026#8209;examination\r\nto challenge the veracity and credit of the witness; the prosecution cannot use\r\nthem in any case for any purpose whatsoever. Then again these statements are\r\nnot made on oath and are made in the absence of the accused, and are not tested\r\nby cross\u0026#8209;examination.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eA witness when challenged with reference to\r\nthis record, often denies the truth of the statement; and the Court has to\r\nchoose between the witness and the recording police officer. They are not\r\nevidence of the truth of their contents, and they cannot be used for any\r\nconstructive purposes. The prose cution is helpless when a witness goes against\r\nhis statement; under section 162 of the Code the witness cannot be made to sign\r\nthe record of his statement and is not bound by it. A further infirmity of\r\nthese statements is that they are verbose and rambling and do not contain much\r\nfactual and relevant information. As a record of statements of facts as a check\r\nagainst false statements, they are singularly ineffective. A statement recorded\r\nunder sections 161/162 of the Code was never designed to be used in a judicial\r\ntrial except to the very limited extent indicated above.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eEvidence of witnesses in commitment\r\nproceedings, on the other hand, is given on oath in open Court in the presence\r\nof the accused and is tested by cross\u0026#8209;examination. It is again, read over\r\nto the witness in the presence of the accused and is, if necessary, corrected\r\nat the instance of the witness and of the accused. It is signed by the witness\r\nand by the Magistrate. Its authenticity and correctness are safeguarded in many\r\nways; these are pre sumed under section 80 of the Evidence Act and certified\r\ncopies thereof are available to the parties. Further, the statement of the\r\nwitness recorded by the Magistrate is substantive evidence of the facts stated\r\ntherein at the trial under section 288 of the Code, even though the witness may\r\nresile from it. He can also be prosecuted for perjury for denying or\r\ncondradicting the state ment. A statement to the police during the\r\ninvestigation is thus a worthless substitute for a judicially recorded\r\nstatement at the commitment stage which it is proposed to replace, and cannot\r\nbe accepted.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eASSESSORS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eTrials before Special Judges are held without\r\nthe aid of assessors. Their absence has, however, led to a practice of\r\nadjournments. Cases are frequently adjourned as the defence has not been\r\nsupplied with copies of statements of witnesses made to the police, or because\r\nthe Public Prosecutor did not get his papers from the police, or because\r\nprosecution witnesses have not attended, or because the investigation police\r\nofficer did not turn up, and the like. As\u0027 a result, cases are seldom heard\r\ncontinuously from day to day, but at intervals of days or even weeks. Some\r\nwitnesses prove nothing and new witnesses have to be summoned. The object of a\r\n\u0026quot;speedy trial\u0026quot; set out in the preamble of the Act as the ideal in corruption\r\ncases is seldom realised; procrastination and delay are the rule rather than\r\nthe exception. Cases proceed aimlessly and their nature often changes and the\r\ntrial often assumes the character of an investigation when new evidence is\r\ncalled for, resulting in more delays and confusion; and miscarriage of justice\r\noften results in which the accused is not the only victim.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eCAUSES OF\r\nDELAY\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eDelay in the disposal of criminal cases poses a\r\nserious problem to those interested in the administration of justice. Delay is\r\nnot, however, due to the two\u0026#8209;stage procedure in warrant cases or to\r\ncommitment proceedings in sessions cases. It occurs chiefly in two other\r\nfields: (i) during police investi gation, and (ii) while the cases are pending\r\nbefore Magistrates. These are discussed below.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eDELAY IN\r\nPOLICE INVESTIGATION\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eMost crimes reported to the police are alleged\r\nto have been committed in broad day light resulting from local factions, in\r\nwhich the person accused and the identifying witnesses are named before the\r\npolice along with the first information. It is also noticeable that crimes like\r\nmurder, dacoity, theft, lurking house trespass, arson and the like are said to\r\nhave been committed by known persons and recognised by known persons at the\r\nearlier stage. There is in fact nothing much to investigate; the question for\r\nthe police is one of belief or disbelief of the witnesses. These cases cannot\r\nrequire more than two or three weeks to complete the investigation. Yet the\r\npolice take months or a year or more to investigate. Long delays like these\r\ninvite corruption and false evidence. Cases depending upon circumstancial\r\nevidence requiring real investigation are indeed very rare. But delay even in\r\nsuch cases can only bring out facts charged with suspicion, and cannot serve\r\nmuch useful purpose.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe Code of Criminal Procedure does not empower\r\nthe criminals Courts to speed up the investigation. Even the High Court has no\r\npower to quash investigations. This was authoritatively laid down by the Privy\r\nCouncil in 1944 in Khwaja Nazir Ahmad\u0027s case\u003csup\u003e71 1 A 203\u003c/sup\u003e As the\r\npresent law stands, the police can delay their investigation as long as they\r\nlike. Things can be speeded up on executive level and by empowering criminal\r\nCourts to require the police to submit charge sheet or final report within a\r\nlimited time. The High Court may be empowered to require the police to complete\r\ntheir investigation within a reasonable time. The Code has to be amended for\r\nthat purpose.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eDELAYS IN\r\nMAGISTRATES\u0027 COURTS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe other stage where serious delays occur is when\r\nthe case is pending in the Magistrates\u0027 Courts. The most important cause of\r\ndelay is frequent and repeated adjournments. Sometimes the Magistrate is away\r\nfrom the head quarters or from his Court, having been called away for some\r\nexecutive or administrative duties; sometimes the prosecution witnesses are ill\r\nsome times the accused is ill; sometimes both sides are ready but the\r\nMagistrate has other cases. Lawyers are also no less responsible in many cases\r\nfor adjourn ments; they have other cases in their hands. Parties also love to\r\ndelay the trial. Sometimes the list of witnesses present is by common consent\r\npermitted to be taken away and substituted by a petition for time. Another\r\nmajor cause of delay is that witnesses are not produced for one continuous\r\nhearing but on several adjourned dates. Transfer of Magistrates is another\r\ncause of delay. Delay also suits all parties concerned. It is the order of the\r\nday. About twenty or thirty adjournments in a case for one reason or other is\r\nnot unusual. The total time occupied in a trial varies from about one to two\r\nyears. These unusual delays result in many evils including corruption and\r\ntampering of witnesses and the introduction of false evidence, all leading to\r\nmiscarriage of justice.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003ePRACTICE IN U. K.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIn the U. K. the procedures corresponding to\r\nsummons cases, warrant cases and sessions cases are retained. And yet with all\r\nthese procedural stages, cases are investigated by the police, trials by\r\nMagistrates, inquiries into cases triable by the jury and the actual trial\r\noccupy a remarkably short  time to complete. Police investigations occupy two\r\nor three weeks, inquiries before trials take another three or four weeks, and\r\nthe actual trial takes another three weeks, appeal to the Court of Criminal\r\nAppeal takes another six weeks and a hearing before the House of Lords in\r\nexceptional cases takes another four or five weeks. The whole process from the\r\ncommission of the crime to the final disposal of the cases takes about a year\r\nor a year and a half. These facts are taken from some important reported\r\ntrials. In the Indo\u0026#8209;Pakistan sub\u0026#8209;continent the entire proceeding\r\ntakes several years.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eIMPORTANCE OF\r\nRULES OF PROCEDURE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eRules of procedure are the result of long\r\nexperience and are designed to save time and to secure justice to all. The\r\nprocedures sought to be abolished represent the irreducible minimum to secure\r\nthe ends of justice; their aboli tion would lead to denial of justice and in\r\nmany cases positive miscarriage of justice.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eNO CASE FOR\r\nCHANGING THE LAW\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIt will be clear, therefore, that no case has\r\nbeen made out for changing the law to eliminate delays in criminal trials. The\r\ncauses of delay are to be looked for in police investigations and in the\r\nMagistrates\u0027 Courts, and require different set of remedies which are indicated\r\nbelow.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eTHE REMEDIES\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eI would suggest that the following remedies\r\nshould be introduced:\u0026#8209;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(1) The combination of judicial and executive\r\nfunctions in Magistrates should be abolished. Magistrates engaged in inquiries\r\nand trials of cases should not be entrusted with executive or administrative\r\nduties, and vice versa.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(2) The police should be made to complete their\r\ninvestigations normally within two or three weeks. This should be done by (a)\r\nexecutive action, and judicial control, and (b) the High Court\u0027s power of\r\nsuperintendence. The Code should be amended to arm these authorities with\r\nnecessary powers.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(3) Adjournments should be cut to the minimum.\r\nThis if pursued consistently, would bring about the desired improvement; and\r\nmany serious evils arising from delay would disappear.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(4) The system of trials by Special Judges in\r\ncorruption cases under the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1958 should be\r\ndiscontinued; these should be made triable by Sessions Judges.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(5) The procedure of warrant cases and of commitment\r\nproceedings should be retained, though their working may be speeded up.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(6) Machinery should be established to look\r\ninto cases of delay in investigations and in inquiries and trials before Magistrates\r\npreferably under the direction of the High Court. The co\u0026#8209;opera tion of\r\nthe Bar Council should be sought.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(7) The taw may be changed to enable\r\nMagistrates to continue the inquiry or trial in the absence of the accused.\r\nSection 540\u0026#8209;A of the Code should be suitably amended.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(8) Trials with the aid of assessors should be\r\nretained and should be made applicable to both wings. They are a substitute for\r\njury trials which have been abolished. Their opinion on facts would be of great\r\nvalue and greater regard should be paid to them. Greater care should be taken\r\nin their selection. Retired High Government servants and teachers and\r\nprofessors should be enlisted and their attendance should be made compulsory.\r\nTheir opinions should be of great value specially in doubtful cases. Their\r\nelimination would introduce delays through adjournments as have happened in\r\ncorruption cases, which is an evil by itself. Good citizens should be more and\r\nmore enlisted in aid of justice in serious cases as a part of their training in\r\nself\u0026#8209;Government.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"