"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 9\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 9\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"./1998J2_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eLEGAL EDUCATION: CONTEMPORARY TRENDS AND CHALLENGES\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003eAdnan\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eSaif\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e4\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  \u003co:TotalTime\u003e0\u003c/o:TotalTime\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Created\u003e2002-05-08T13:53:00Z\u003c/o:Created\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastSaved\u003e2003-01-03T07:01:00Z\u003c/o:LastSaved\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Pages\u003e4\u003c/o:Pages\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Words\u003e2101\u003c/o:Words\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Characters\u003e11976\u003c/o:Characters\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Company\u003eOratier Technologies\u003c/o:Company\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Lines\u003e99\u003c/o:Lines\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Paragraphs\u003e23\u003c/o:Paragraphs\u003e\r\n  \u003co:CharactersWithSpaces\u003e14707\u003c/o:CharactersWithSpaces\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Version\u003e9.2720\u003c/o:Version\u003e\r\n \u003c/o:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003cw:WordDocument\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:View\u003eNormal\u003c/w:View\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing\u003e2.85 pt\u003c/w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery\u003e2\u003c/w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery\u003e\r\n \u003c/w:WordDocument\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n\u003c!--\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\np.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal\r\n\t{mso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmargin:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\nh1\r\n\t{mso-style-next:Normal;\r\n\tmargin-top:0in;\r\n\tmargin-right:117.35pt;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-align:center;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tpage-break-after:avoid;\r\n\tmso-outline-level:1;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-font-kerning:0pt;\r\n\tmso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}\r\nh2\r\n\t{mso-style-next:Normal;\r\n\tmargin-top:0in;\r\n\tmargin-right:117.35pt;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-align:justify;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tpage-break-after:avoid;\r\n\tmso-outline-level:2;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-ansi-language:EN-GB;}\r\n@page Section1\r\n\t{size:6.35in 841.7pt;\r\n\tmargin:.75in 0in 2.9pt .35in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cscript language=\"JavaScript\"\u003e\r\n\u003c!--\r\nfunction NoSelect()\r\n{\r\n{alert(\"OOoops! You are not authorized to copy the TEXT.......!\")}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nfunction noRightClick()\r\n{if (event.button==2)\r\n{alert(\"The Data is Copyright Property of PLD \u0026 PakistanLawSite.com\")}\r\n}\r\ndocument.onmousedown=noRightClick; \r\ndocument.onselectstart=NoSelect;\r\ndocument.onkeydown= Stopit; \r\ndocument.onkeypress = Stopit; \r\ndocument.onkeyup = Stopit; \r\nfunction Stopit()\r\n{alert(\"Copyright (C) 2000  LawOnLine  All Rights Reserved\");\r\nwindow.open (\u0027http://www.pakistanlawsite.com\u0027);} \r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/script\u003e\r\n\u003cscript src=\"../../../nc.js\" type=\"text/javascript\" \u003e\u003c/script\u003e\r\n  \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch2 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eLEGAL EDUCATION: CONTEMPORARY\r\nTRENDS AND CHALLENGES\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e[\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB style=\u0027mso-ansi-language:\r\nEN-GB\u0027\u003eA paper presented at the 6th SAARCLAW Conference \u0026quot;The Legacies and\r\nChallenges\u0026quot; held at the Karachi Sheraton Hotel and Towers, Karachi\r\nPakistan.\u003cb\u003e]\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eBy\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eDr. Muhammad Farogh Naseem,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eLL. B. (Hon.) (Wales), L.L. M. (London),\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003ePh. D (London) of Lincoln\u0027s Inn,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eBarrister\u0026#8209;at\u0026#8209;Law\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e[October 3 to 5, 1997]\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe topic of discussion \u0026quot;Legal\r\nEducation\u0026quot; is of extremely wide import. In the time allotted I shall\r\nendeavour to bring out certain essentials.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eWhat ought to be the aim of legal studies? In\r\nmost countries with the common law tradition legal education has only in\r\ncomparative recent times established itself as an acknowledged discipline in\r\nUniversities. In England it was only in 1826 that the foundation of the first\r\nmodern University Law School was laid in the form of the University College\r\nLondon. [See Report of the Omrod Committee on Legal Education, Cmnd. 4595\r\n(1971), Chap. 1. Also see Baker, A.J.: \u0026quot;University College and Legal\r\nEducation, 1876\u0026#8209;1976\u0026quot; in [1977] Current Legal Problems, pp. 1\u0026#8209;13.]\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIn the common law tradition law was taught\r\nunder an apprenticeship system whereby the knowledge of law was picked \u0026#8209;up\r\nin the course of legal practice without any systematic instruction. The lawyer\r\nwas not expected to be a social scientist. He was to apply the law without\r\nexploring or speculating upon what the law was about; what was and should be\r\nthe role of the law and the lawyer in a society; whether it was capable of\r\nresponding to contemporary needs.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIn striking contrast, in the countries with the\r\ncivil law tradition Universities were founded for the purpose of education for\r\nthe professions, especially law. [See Hunt, A: \u0026quot;The Socio\u0026#8209;Logical\r\nMovement in Law\u0026quot;, 1978 at p. 11] The essential feature of academic legal\r\neducation is the provision of a better philosophic and rationalistic\r\norientation.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eOn one hand, we have the traditional legal\r\ntraining only as an apprentice, while on the other hand we have the academic\r\nlegal training. I think that a choice cannot be made between the two, but\r\nrather a balance needs to be struck between the two approaches. Both are\r\nextremely essential.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIn recent times law has been reckoned to be an\r\ninstrument of social change. In foreign universities the curriculum lays great\r\nemphasis on the impact of law on society and its development.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eI fully agree with the conclusions of Professor\r\nRalph Fuchs who has categorically observed: [\u0026quot;Legal Education and the\r\nPublic Interest I Journal of Legal Education, 155, 162 (1948).]\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u0026quot; ...today\u0027s major need in training\r\nlawyers lies in the development of understanding of the institutions and\r\nproblems of contemporary society, of the lawyer\u0027s part in their operation, and\r\nof the techniques required for professional participation in solving the major\r\nproblems with which lawyers deal. \u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eA person who studies or trained to be a lawyer\r\nmust be thoroughly acquainted with his country\u0027s history without which a\r\nstudent of law will be unable to appreciate the evolution of the country\u0027s\r\nlegal system and the interaction of its legal institutions with other organs of\r\nthe State and the surrounding circumstances. Without some knowledge of world\r\nhistory and the cultural contributions of civilizations, he will be at a\r\ndisadvantage in comprehending major international events that may exert an\r\ninfluence on the law. Without some proficiency in general political theory and\r\ninsight into the structure and operation of Governments he will be handicapped\r\nin apprehending and approaching problems of constitutional and public law. If\r\nhe lacks training in economics, he will fail to see the close relations between\r\nlegal and economic questions which exist in many areas of law. Without\r\ngrounding in philosophy, he will find it hard to deal with the general problems\r\nof jurisprudence and legal theory which are essential to exercise a decisive\r\ninfluence on judicial and other legal processes.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIt has been pointed out with great force by\r\nFreund [\u0026quot;Reflections on Legal Education\u0026quot; (1966) 29 MLR 121, 123,\r\n128,129.] that any academic discipline worthy of the name must equip the\r\nstudent with the capacity to think critically. He has further depreciated the\r\ntendency of academic institutions to indoctrinate the disciples. It is Freund\u0027s\r\nview which I fully endorse that legal education needs to teach both the law and\r\nin context, social, political and theoretical. It is the combination of these\r\nthat renders the law a particularly valuable educational discipline.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eTo sum up the above I would think that the aims\r\nand objectives of legal education in a modern civilised society must\r\nnecessarily include the following:\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(a) to inculcate students with the operative\r\nlegal roles, both substantive and \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e??????????? \u003c/span\u003eprocedural;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(b) to provide the student with adequate\r\nexperience to apply these rules;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(c) to equip the students with sufficient\r\nknowledge of the historical and sociological background of the country\u0027s legal\r\nsystem;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(d) to provide the students with some knowledge\r\nof the other legal systems of the world so that the students do not find\r\nthemselves at a complete loss when it comes to adopting a comparative approach;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e(e) very significantly, the students should be\r\nencouraged to participate in discussions, seminars and challenge the very\r\npremise of legal concepts and their applications. This can better be achieved\r\nif courses are taught in terms of concepts rather than the contents.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe above ought to be adopted and applied in\r\nthe law curricula of our Universities and Law Colleges. However, I think that\r\nwe in Pakistan have not been able to achieve such targets. I think the main\r\nreasons for an inadequate and failing legal education in our country are the\r\ngeneral apathy and scepticism of almost every one. This I shall venture to\r\nexplain. The Law Colleges are not properly funded in view whereof the library\r\nfacilities are not up to the mark and the teachers are not properly paid. Also\r\nthe major Law Colleges of the country are not offering full time courses and\r\nare only running evening classes. However, the very crux of the problem is that\r\nlaw as a profession and legal education as a discipline are not the popular\r\nchoices for students in the large majority of the cases. Most students who\r\nperform well in their Intermediate Education aspire to study medicine,\r\nengineering, computers, business, management and accounting. It is usually the\r\ncase that the students who are not able to find placements in these disciplines\r\nconsider studying law as a matter of last resort. This is in striking contrast\r\nwith the prevalent situation in England and in America and many other developed\r\ncountries. For example in England admissions to law schools are highly\r\ncompetitive. To get into Oxford and Cambridge even three A\u0027s at A\u0026#8209;levels\r\ndo not guarantee a place in law at the under\u0026#8209;graduate level. For other\r\nUniversities the requirements are slightly relaxed but even so they are very\r\ncompetitive. Similar position obtains in the United States where the law\r\nschools require very high scores in the Law Schools Aptitude tests and a very\r\nhigh Grade Point Average in the first degrees. In this manner, the law schools\r\nare able to attract the best amongst the student population. The end result is\r\nalso very healthy since this cream of students richly contribute their shares\r\nto the society as lawyers, judges, para\u0026#8209;legals and academics.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe reasons for a general apathy in our student\r\npopulation to study law and the keenness to study the same by their\r\ncounterparts in England and America can be explained. A fresh law graduate\r\n(J.D.) from the Harvard Law School or some other University of repute in the\r\nUntied States does not find it difficult to get a start between 80,000 to\r\n100,000 US $ per annum in a good law firm in Pakistan I am afraid that a fresh\r\nlaw graduate without any family support may even have to live below the\r\nsubsistence level in the initial years of his practice.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eI have recently conducted some sample surveys\r\nof the prospective employers of fresh law graduates. The reasons attributed by\r\nthem for an extremely low pay to fresh law graduates is that the majority of\r\nthe law graduates are unfortunately not properly versed with even the law\r\nsubjects that they claim to have cleared in their recent examinations. In other\r\nwords, the prospective employers relate the incompetence and inferior quality\r\nof the law students with the diminished pay scales. On the other hand, another\r\nsample survey conducted by me of the students who pass their intermediate\r\ncollege examinations confirm that the main reason why such students do not like\r\nto pursue careers in law and hence the legal education is that the pay scales\r\nof fresh law graduate are far from favourable. This would reveal that we have\r\nbeen caught in a vicious circle of cyclical arguments. This analysis would\r\nfurther show that legal education in our country is in a travail, being caught\r\nin a catch\u0026#8209;22 situation. Unless and until some drastic measures are taken\r\nI am afraid we would hurtle into a chasm without any hope of rescue.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIn my humble opinion the foremost and\r\nfundamental aspect which warrants immediate attention is that we should make an\r\neffort to make the legal education in our institutions more attractive for the\r\nprospective student population. In this regard, legal education should be make\r\nfull time without any delay. Secondly, the Law Colleges should made the\r\nadmissions in F.E.L. (first year LL.B) extremely \u0027competitive. This may entail\r\nnot only raising the percentage marks of Intermediate Examinations required for\r\nadmission in LL.B, but may also involve introduction of entrance tests for the\r\ncandidates. Additionally, law colleges should publicize that admissions are available\r\nfor exceptionally bright candidates since the curriculum is extremely\r\ncompetitive. Also the admissions should not be offered to about one thousand\r\ncandidates in F.E.L. and the same should only be restricted to 50 to 70\r\ncandidates in a year per college. This may appear to be an artificial mechanism\r\nbut the same is quite workable. If the admissions are made extremely\r\ncompetitive albeit artificially, this is bound to generate a feeling among the\r\nprospective student population of a desirability to read law. This is but\r\nemploying the fundamental principles of supply and demand in economics. If this\r\naspect is accomplished, it may no doubt create a scarcity of fresh graduates,\r\nbut so be it since there is already a gullet in the number of lawyers and fresh\r\nlaw graduates.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe next step would be to improve the\r\ncurriculum. The present L.L.B. course which is approved by the Pakistan Bar\r\nCouncil spreads over three years On an average, about 10 to 12 subjects are\r\ntaught in one year. The method of teaching encourages the students to learn the\r\nbare provisions of the statutes. Only selective case\u0026#8209;law is taught.\r\nHardly any or no legal concepts or philosophies arc inculcated. I am afraid the\r\nstate of affairs are far from satisfactory. To start with the students should\r\nbe encouraged to understand the legal concepts. This cannot be done by studying\r\nand memorising the bare provisions of the statutes. In the English Universities\r\nfour to five subjects are taught in one year. The idea being to teach the\r\nstudents not only the actual provisions of the statute but also to familiarize\r\nthem with the entire legal process surrounding such provisions. This is done,\r\nby not only teaching the historical perspective but by also showing how such\r\nparticular provisions are suitable to the circumstances and remedy the\r\nmischief, if any. The study does not stop here. An in depth and detailed\r\nanalysis of how such provisions are applied by the Courts in practice is\r\ntaught. The student is further encouraged to offer his critique on the statutes\r\nand judgments and whether the same are in consonance with the requirements of\r\nthe day. Also the students are encouraged to offer their recommendations for\r\nchange and their reason for coming to the conclusion otherwise, that the law is\r\nsatisfactory and requires no change.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eDuring the studies students should be\r\ncontinuously assessed so as to ensure that they are working throughout the\r\nyear, while at the same time avoiding excessive cramming.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eAt the end of the day, the examination standards\r\nhave to be drastically improved. The examiners should ensure that the questions\r\nare not extremely unimaginative and simple: e.g. questions like \u0026quot;What is\r\nthe preamble of Pakistan Constitution?\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;What are the three\r\ningredients for grant of temporary injunction\u0026quot; should not be set On the\r\ncontrary, if questions like \u0026quot;The preamble of the Pakistan Constitution\r\nprovides the basis of the Constitution. Discuss\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;Whether the\r\nthree ingredients required for the grant of temporary injunctions provide satisfactory\r\nguidelines for the Court to come to a correct tentative conclusion\u0026quot; are\r\nset, the students will be encouraged to employ their own mental faculties and\r\ncritical approach. Also issue\u0026#8209;spotters or problem\u0026#8209;type questions\r\nare to be encouraged. If the standard of examinations are so raised then even\r\nexaminations can be allowed to be an open book even which may also to a great\r\nextent diminish the anathema of cheating and unfair practices, which are\r\nusually complained of.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe suggested recommendations are likely to\r\nenable the fresh law graduates from our law schools to possess excelling\r\nknowledge of law and above all their ability to apply their minds to the\r\npractical problems. The prospective employer may also not complain about\r\nthorough incompetence of the fresh graduates and may perhaps offer better \u0027pay\u0026#8209;scales\r\nto them. Even if such pay scales are not offered the student is bound to do\r\nwell in private practice in a very short span of time\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eBefore finally concluding I would take this\r\nopportunity to underscore two further points. The first one is that candidates\r\nfor admissions to the Law Colleges should be expected to have a good\r\nproficiency of the English language. The reason for this is quite obvious. The\r\nentire legal texts, statutes, books, and case\u0026#8209;law are in English. Even\r\nthe language used by the superior Courts is predominantly English. A student\r\nwithout the requisite proficiency in English cannot comprehend the very basic\r\nrules of law, let alone its subtleties and the ability to apply and express\r\nthem. Secondly, the students should not be allowed to indulge in politics. In\r\nthis respect, I place reliance upon the decision of the Supreme Court of\r\nPakistan in M. Ismail Qureshi v. M. Awais Qasim 1993 SCMR 1781.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eI thank you all for being so patient.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"