"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns:st1=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"1998J18_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eLAW IN TRANSFORMATION: TALAQ-------A CASE STUDY\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"date\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"place\" downloadurl=\"http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"country-region\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"City\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"PlaceType\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"PlaceName\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"address\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"Street\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"stockticker\"/\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003eziaqat\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  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\u003cw:SpellingState\u003eClean\u003c/w:SpellingState\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:GrammarState\u003eClean\u003c/w:GrammarState\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:ValidateAgainstSchemas/\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:SaveIfXMLInvalid\u003efalse\u003c/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:IgnoreMixedContent\u003efalse\u003c/w:IgnoreMixedContent\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText\u003efalse\u003c/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:Compatibility\u003e\r\n   \u003cw:SelectEntireFieldWithStartOrEnd/\u003e\r\n   \u003cw:UseWord2002TableStyleRules/\u003e\r\n  \u003c/w:Compatibility\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:BrowserLevel\u003eMicrosoftInternetExplorer4\u003c/w:BrowserLevel\u003e\r\n \u003c/w:WordDocument\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003cw:LatentStyles DefLockedState=\"false\" LatentStyleCount=\"156\"\u003e\r\n \u003c/w:LatentStyles\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if !mso]\u003e\u003cobject\r\n classid=\"clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D\" id=ieooui\u003e\u003c/object\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\nst1\\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) }\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n\u003c!--\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal\r\n\t{mso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmargin:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\nspan.SpellE\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"\";\r\n\tmso-spl-e:yes;}\r\n@page Section1\r\n\t{size:8.5in 11.0in;\r\n\tmargin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 10]\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n table.MsoNormalTable\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\";\r\n\tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-style-noshow:yes;\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\r\n\tmso-para-margin:0in;\r\n\tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-ansi-language:#0400;\r\n\tmso-fareast-language:#0400;\r\n\tmso-bidi-language:#0400;}\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eLAW IN \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:bold\u0027\u003eTRANSFORMATION:\r\nTALAQ-------A CASE STUDY\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eBy\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eTipu\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eSalman\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMakhdoom\u003c/span\u003e,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eAdvocate, \u003cst1:City\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eLahore\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003ePRELIMINARY\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThis Article is about a confusion\r\nthat is found in the \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nlaw, as is applicable in the. Courts. Law is not a rigid dead principle\r\npronounced by the law-giver once for all and applicable, as such, for all times\r\nto come. Law has a characteristic of development and growth.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\r\nThe concept of law is enshrined in the concept of society. Law is meant for the\r\nbetterment of society.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eIt is in order to allow and make the\r\nsociety manage its affairs and the inter se relations of its different units\r\nwith each other, that law is made. Society being a dynamic institution itself\r\nis a constantly changing phenomena and corresponding to it is its laws, which\r\nthemselves are living organisms. This changing phenomena, in turn requires a\r\nconstantly developing instrument of social management i.e. constantly\r\ndeveloping/transforming laws. The concept of changing law is not a bad concept,\r\nprovided it remains to be a stable system of law growing \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ealongwith\u003c/span\u003e\r\nthe society. On the contrary, it is one of the few very important and basic ingredients\r\nof law. \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e1. See A.K, \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eBrohi\u003c/span\u003e, Law As An Instrument of Peaceful Change.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e2. Cf. R. VON.\r\nJHERING, LAW AS MEANS TO AN END, see LORD LLOYD OF HAMPSTEAD, INTRODUCTION TO\r\nJURISPRUDENCE 374 (4th \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eEdn\u003c/span\u003e., \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eLondon\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e, Stevens \u0026amp; Sons, 1979). Also \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eCf.J\u003c/span\u003e. BENTHAM, AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS \u003cst1:stockticker\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eAND\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e LEGISLATION, see LORD LLOYD OF HAMPSTEAD,\r\nINTRODUCTION TO JURISPRUDENCE 199 (4th \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eEdn\u003c/span\u003e., \u003cst1:City\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eLondon\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e, Stevens \u0026amp;\r\nSons, 1979).\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eINTRODUCTION\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eNow we come to the basic point of\r\nthis article. The proposition we are going to discuss is about the confusion\r\nregarding the time when, according to law the divorce pronounced by a Pakistani\r\nMuslim husband, following the \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  class=SpellE\u003eHanfi\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e \u003cst1:PlaceType w:st=\"on\"\u003eSchool\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\nof thought, becomes effective and final. First of all, we would trace an\r\noverview of the historical background of the development of legal system of \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, so\r\nthat we can identify the origins of the confusion. Then we would discuss\r\ndifferent case-law regarding the point in issue and would, thus, conclude what\r\ntype of legal confusion we are facing and what are its implications.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eHISTORICAL BACKGROUND\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAlthough Islam and the Muslims\r\nhave reached the shores of Indo-Pak Sub-Continent much before the advent of\r\nMuhammad-bin-\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQasim\u003c/span\u003e, yet the first introduction of the\r\nIslamic system of law in this area of the world was done by Muhammad-bin-\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eQasim\u003c/span\u003e, and that too for a short span of time and in a very\r\nlimited jurisdiction. It was really the Sultanate of Delhi which introduced the\r\nIslamic system of law in this region. After Sultans, the great \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMughals\u003c/span\u003e also continued to apply the Islamic system of law\r\nin this country.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e The Muslim rulers enforced public laws of\r\nIslam as law of the land but in the areas of Private law, confined the Islamic\r\nlaw to Muslims. Therefore, the Muslim Personal Law was not the law of the land\r\nbut had a special status and special limited scope and jurisdiction.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\r\nHowever, the application of the Islamic system of law, even in the sphere of\r\npublic law, was not comprehensive and unexceptionable in the \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMughal\u003c/span\u003e India and most of the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMughal\u003c/span\u003e\r\nEmperors allowed masses to have regard to their local and regional customs in\r\nordering their lives.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e3. CASSANDRA BALCHIN, A HANDBOOK ON FAMILY\r\nLAW IN \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePAKISTAN\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\n11 (\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShirkat\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eGah\u003c/span\u003e, 1994).\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e4. See DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD, MUSLIM PERSONAL\r\nLAW: ROLE OF THE STATE IN THE INDIAN \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eSUB\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e-CONTINENT\r\n1 \u0026amp; 2 (2d ed. All \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eIndia\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nReporter Ltd., 1983).\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e5. See CASSANDRA BALCHIN, supra, Note 3,\r\nat p.12.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eWhen East India Company got\r\nestablished in sub-continent, it had authority, in order to exercise effective\r\ncontrol over the affairs of the Company, to make laws and administer them\r\nwithin its jurisdiction. With the passage of time, the role of the Company got\r\nincreased in the national politics and it started emerging as an important\r\nforce. It was during this period when the Company was given Royal \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMughal\u003c/span\u003e authority to administer law on all subjects of the Empire,\r\nunder its jurisdiction, in accordance with the different laws applicable to\r\nthem. The Company started doing this with the help of its local employees.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\r\nBritish gradually replaced the Indian system of administration of justice with\r\na \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003enew hybrid system, consisting of a rather\r\nunplanned but pragmatic mixture\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.2pt\u0027\u003eof\r\nwhich\u003c/span\u003e the two legal systems. They first of all established the Company the\r\nthen would administer justice on behalf of the Royal authority by applying current\r\nlaw, which was \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariah\u003c/span\u003e, in the domain of public law,\r\nand in case of Muslims, Muslim personal law, custom and usage.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\r\nThe basic principles of the locally applicable legal systems were replaced by\r\nthe general application of the English concept of justice, equity and good\r\nconscience.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e6. Cf. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003eWarren Hastings\r\nJudicial Plan \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003e1772, section 23 \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003ewhich states that, In suits regarding\r\ninheritance, marriage, caste and other religious usages and institutions, the\r\nlaws \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003ethe Koran with respect to the\r\nMohammedans and those \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003ethe \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eShaster\u003c/span\u003e with regard to the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eGentoos\u003c/span\u003e\r\nwill be invariably adhered to; and on all such occasions, \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMaulvis\u003c/span\u003e\r\nor Brahmins shall respectively attend the Courts or expound the law and they\r\nshall sign the report and assist in passing the decree. see DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD,\r\nsupra Note 4, at p.4, See also Act \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003eSettlement,\r\n1781, which gave statutory recognition by the British Parliament to the\r\nprinciple regarding application \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003eMuslim\r\nPersonal Law, introduced in 1772 by Warren Hastings. See DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD,\r\nibid at p.8 See also CASSANDRA BALCHIN, supra, Note 3, at p.12.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:Street w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:address\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e7.\r\n  See DR.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:address\u003e\u003c/st1:Street\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e TAHIP. MAHMOOD, supra, Note 4, at p.2.\r\nalso \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003ecf. \u003c/span\u003eRegulation \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003e1780, section 27:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;That in all suits regarding\r\ninheritance, marriage and caste, and other religious institutions, the laws \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003eKoran with respect to \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMahomedans\u003c/span\u003e,\r\nand those \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003ethe \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShaster\u003c/span\u003e\r\nwith respect to \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003egentoos\u003c/span\u003e, shall be invariably adhered \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.3pt\u0027\u003eto.\u003c/span\u003e See SYED KHALID RASHID, MUSLIM LAW \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e36 \u003c/span\u003e(2d Ed., Eastern Book Co. 1985).\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003eAlso \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003ecf.\r\n\u003c/span\u003eDuring the time \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003eCornwallis,\r\na new Judicial Scheme, contained in various Regulations issued during 1793, was\r\npromulgated. Regulation IV \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003e1793\r\nlaid down the following rule in its section 15, derived from \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eHastings\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e\u0027 judicial Plan of 1772 (supra):\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003eIn suits regarding succession,\r\ninheritance, marriage, caste and all religious usages and institutions, the\r\nMohammedan law with respect to Mohammedans and Hindu law with regard to Hindus\r\nare to be considered as the general rules by which the judges are to form their\r\ndecisions. See DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD, supra, Note 4, at p.6.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThis was the first step towards\r\nthe infusion of the English Legal Principles in the legal system of the Empire.\r\nSlowly and gradually, the Company\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e and then the\r\nBritish, started changing the outlook of the entire legal system. Enactments\r\nstarted appearing on the scene and in the hierarchy of applicable laws, these\r\ncame above \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariah\u003c/span\u003e and customary law.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red;mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e8. When the East India Company started\r\napplying English law to \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eBritishers\u003c/span\u003e and local laws to\r\nthe local people, complex questions involving conflict of laws would arise, and\r\nin these situations English system was started given priority. See \u003cst1:City\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePEARL\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e, DAVID \u003cst1:stockticker\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eAND\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e WERNER MENSKI, MUSLIM FAMILY LAW, Chap. 2.3\r\n(Sweet \u0026amp; Maxwell, 1998).\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAs has already been stated, one\r\nof the basic purposes of law is to sustain the given fabric of society. So, was\r\nthe intention of the British in transformation of the legal system of the \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMughal\u003c/span\u003e India. British wanted to sustain the society on\r\ntheir terms and conditions and thus they transformed the local legal system in\r\nthe manner and to the extent which suited their needs and requirements. As a\r\nconsequence of this selected change the British did not touch the areas of law\r\nto which the locals were sensitive or could be politically motivated. One of\r\nsuch areas enshrined the family laws.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e9. See DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD, supra, Note 4,\r\nat p.3.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e10. See CASSANDRA BALCHIN, supra, Note 3,\r\nat p.14. Also see DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD, supra. Note 4, at p.3.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIn \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePunjab\u003c/st1:place\u003e,\r\nwhich became part of \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eBritish India\u003c/st1:place\u003e in the 19th\r\ncentury, the system of administration of justice prevalent in most of the other\r\nparts of the Colonial India was not extended. Punjab being the stronghold of\r\ncustom, traditionally, custom was given supremacy over religious laws, and the\r\nsame course was adopted by the British by making the Courts apply religious\r\nlaws only in the absence of established custom.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e Although it was a\r\ncorrect view regarding Hindu system, as in the Hindu legal theory, custom has\r\nthe fullest recognition and it takes precedence over the written text of law it\r\nwas not a sound view regarding the Muslim system of administration of justice.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e12\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e11. See DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD. supra. Note 4,\r\nat p.7.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003eAlso cf. The \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePunjab\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\nLaws Act, 1872. section 5 of which states:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;In questions regarding succession,\r\nspecial property of females, betrothal, marriage, divorce dowel, adoption,\r\nguardianship, minority, \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ebastardy\u003c/span\u003e, family relations,\r\nwills, legacies gifts, partitions or any religious usage or institution the\r\nrule of decision shall he. (\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e) any custom applicable\r\nto the parties concerned which is not contrary to justice, equity or good\r\nconscience and has not been, by this or any other enactment, altered or\r\nabolished and has not been declared void by any competent Authority; (ii) the \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMuhammadan\u003c/span\u003e Law in cases where the parties are \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMuhammadan\u003c/span\u003e and Hindu law where the parties are Hindu,\r\nexcept in so far as such law has been altered or abolished by a legislative\r\nenactment, or is opposed to the provisions of this Act, or has been modified by\r\nany such custom as is above referred to\u0026quot;. DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD, supra, Note\r\n4, at p.10. also see \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePEARL\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e,\r\nDAVID \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eAND\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e WERNER MENSKI, supra.\r\nNote 8. at Chap.2.4. Also cf. In \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHirbae\u003c/span\u003e and others v.\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSonabae\u003c/span\u003e, reported in 1847 Perry\u0027s Oriental` Cases\r\n110, the view taken was that \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQuranic\u003c/span\u003e law should not\r\nbe adopted without regard to the usages of the Muslims of India. see \u003cst1:City\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePEARL\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e, DAVID \u003cst1:stockticker\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eAND\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e WERNER MENSKI, supra. Note 8, at Chap. 2.4.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003eAlso cf. The North-West Frontier Law and\r\nJustice Regulation \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eVII\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e of 1901\r\nsubstantially adopted the principle regarding the application of custom and\r\npersonal law as contained in section 5 of the Punjab Laws Act, 1872. See DR.\r\nTAHIR MAHMOOD, supra, Note 4, at p.12.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eProbably it had been presumed by\r\nthe British that the same position of custom was acceptable to Muslims as well.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAt the beginning of the 20th\r\nCentury, attention of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eUlema\u003c/span\u003e in various parts of\r\nColonial India was drawn to the preference of customary law over \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eShari\u0027ah\u003c/span\u003e. They therefore, demanded from the Government,\r\nstatutory enforcement of the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariah\u003c/span\u003e law. These\r\nefforts of the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eulema\u003c/span\u003e brought to the Indian statute\r\nbook a number of enactments placing the Islamic laws, in the hierarchy, over\r\nthe customary laws, and one of such enactments was \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e\r\nApplication Act, 1937.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e12. See DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD, supra, Note 4,\r\nat p.15.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003eCf. as early as 1868 the Judicial\r\nCommittee of the Privy Council in a famous case (Collector of \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMadura\u003c/span\u003e v. \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMootoo\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eRamahnga\u003c/span\u003e (1868) 12 Moo I.A. 397) had, rightly stated that\r\nunder the Hindu system of law clear proof of usage would outweigh the written\r\ntext of the law. DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD, supra, Note 4, at p.16.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e13. See DR.TAHIR MAHMOOD, supra. Note 4.\r\nat p.16.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e14. DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD, supra, Note 4, at\r\np.17. This Act was applicable to the whole of Colonial India. CASSANDRA\r\nBALCHIN, supra, Note 3, at p.32.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe Bill\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e of the \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e Application Act, 1937, as was introduced in the\r\nLegislature, provided for the application of Shariah\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e in the matters of\r\nPersonal law. However, during the final reading\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e of the Bill, \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eQuaid-e-Azam\u003c/span\u003e Muhammad Ali \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eJinnah\u003c/span\u003e\r\nproposed a significant amendment to the effect that instead of enforcing the\r\nIslamic law compulsorily for all Muslims, every Muslim should, for the time\r\nbeing, be given a discretion to opt between the Islamic law and Customary law.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e1\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\r\nThe Bill was enacted on 16-9-1937 as the Muslim Personal Law (\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e) Application Act, 1937, and came into force on \u003cst1:date\r\nYear=\"19\" Day=\"10\" Month=\"7\" ls=\"trans\" w:st=\"on\"\u003e7-10-19\u003c/st1:date\u003e37,\r\nincorporating the amendment suggested by \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQuaid-e-Azam\u003c/span\u003e\r\nMuhammad Ali \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eJinnah\u003c/span\u003e in respect of a few subjects\r\nonly. Consequently, in the matters regarding adoption, wills and legacies the\r\nAct gave option to the Indian Muslims, either to adopt Muslim law or the\r\ncustomary law. However, in the other matters of personal law, Muslim law was the\r\nonly law applicable.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e15. Moved in the Central Legislature in\r\n1935, see DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD, supra, Note \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nbold\u0027\u003e4, \u003c/span\u003eat p.24.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e16. Section 21 of the Bill stated\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;Notwithstanding any custom or usage\r\nto the contrary, in all questions regarding adoption, wills, women\u0027s legacies,\r\nrights of inheritance, special property of females including personal property\r\ninherited or obtained under contract or gift or any other provision of personal\r\nlaw, marriage, dissolution of marriage (including \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eTalaq\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIla\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eZihar\u003c/span\u003e, Wan, \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eKhula\u003c/span\u003e. \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMubara\u0027a\u003c/span\u003e), maintenance,\r\ndower, guardianship, gifts, trusts, trust properties and \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eWakfs\u003c/span\u003e,\r\nthe rule of decision in cases where the parties to a case are Muslims shall be\r\nthe Muslim Personal Law (\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e) see DR. TAHIR\r\nMAHMOOD, supra. Note 4, at p.24.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e17. Gazette of \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eIndia\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, Part V (1935). The statement\r\nof objects and reasons issued with the Bill explained its background and\r\npurposes as follows:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;For several years past it has been\r\nthe cherished desire of the Muslims of India that customary law should in no\r\ncase take the place of the Muslim Personal Law. The matter has been repeatedly\r\nagitated in the press as well as on the platform. The \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eJami\u0027at\u003c/span\u003e\r\nal\u0026#8209;\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eUlama\u003c/span\u003e Hind, the greatest Muslim religious\r\nbody, has supported the demand and invited the attention of all concerned to\r\nthe urgent necessity of introducing a measure to this effect. Customary law is\r\na misnomer inasmuch as it has not any sound basis to stand upon and is very\r\nmuch liable to frequent changes and cannot be expected to attain at any time in\r\nfuture the certainty and definiteness which must be the characteristic of all\r\nlaws. The status of Muslim women under the so-called customary law is simply\r\ndisgraceful. The Muslim women organizations have condemned customary law as it\r\nadversely affects their rights and have demanded that the Muslim Personal Law (\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eShari\u0027at\u003c/span\u003e) should be made applicable to them. The\r\nintroduction of Muslim Personal Law will automatically raise them to the\r\nposition to which they are naturally \u0027entitled. In addition to this, the\r\npresent Bill, if enacted, would have a salutary effect on society because it\r\nwould ensure certainty and definiteness in mutual rights and obligations of the\r\npublic. Muslim Personal Law (\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShari\u0027at\u003c/span\u003e) exists in the\r\nform of a veritable code and is too well-known to admit any doubt or entail any\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003elabour\u003c/span\u003e in the shape of research which is the chief\r\nfeature of customary law\u0026quot;.\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eSee DR.\r\nTAHIR MAHMOOD, supra, Note 4, at p.25.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e18. See DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD, supra, Note 4,\r\nat p.25.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e19. See DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD, supra, Note 4,\r\nat p.26.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAt the time of creation of \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, the\r\napplicable law regarding family laws would be governed by the Muslim Personal\r\nLaw (\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e) Application Act, 1937. Section 2 of\r\nthis Act would say that in matters of family laws, applicable law would be \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e and the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e was to be\r\ntraced from the sources of \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.55pt\u0027\u003elawn\u003c/span\u003e are\r\nrecognized by Islamic legal system, i.e., \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQur\u0027an\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eSunnah\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eljma\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eQias\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eHowever, in 1962\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red;mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e this law was repealed by another Act, the West Pakistan\r\nMuslim Personal Law (\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e) Application Act, 1962.\r\nSection 2 of this Act says much the same, in principle, as was pronounced by\r\nthe Act of 1937, but with the addition that the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e\r\nwould not be applicable to such family matters where the legislature has\r\nenacted a law. It is precisely for this reason that the Muslim Family Laws\r\nOrdinance, 1961 (hereinafter Muslim Family Laws Ordinance) is the law which is\r\ngoverning the matter of mode and the validity of divorce by way of \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eTalaq\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e20. The Gazette of West Pakistan\r\n(Extraordinary), \u003cst1:date Year=\"19\" Day=\"15\" Month=\"12\" ls=\"trans\" w:st=\"on\"\u003eDecember\r\n 15, 19\u003c/st1:date\u003e62 at pages 4275 and 4276, while giving a statement of\r\nobjects and reasons for the presentation of the West Pakistan Muslim Personal\r\nLaw (\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e) Bill, 1962 states that the Bill is in\r\nfurtherance of the requirements of the Constitution that the Muslims of\r\nPakistan should be enabled individually and collectively to order their lives\r\nin accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eMUSLIM FAMILY \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eLAWS\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e\r\nORDINANCE WHY WAS IT PROMULGATED \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eAND\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e\r\nUNDER WHAT CONDITIONS\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eOn \u003cst1:date Month=\"4\" Day=\"8\"\r\nYear=\"1955\" w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:date Year=\"19\" Day=\"8\" Month=\"4\" ls=\"trans\" w:st=\"on\"\u003e4-8-19\u003c/st1:date\u003e55\u003c/st1:date\u003e,\r\na Commission on marriage and Family Law (Rashid Commission) was established to\r\nreview Muslim Family Law, in order to determine whether changes were necessary\r\nin the existing law.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e Such law, in\r\ncase of divorce was \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariah\u003c/span\u003e, under \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e Application Act, 1937. The Commission consisted of\r\nthree men, three women and one \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAlim\u003c/span\u003e. The Commission\r\npublished its report in June 1956, which was supported by its six members,\r\nwhereas \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMaulana\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIhtisham-ul-Haq\u003c/span\u003e\r\n(\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eThanvi\u003c/span\u003e), the dissenting member, published a\r\ndissenting report in August, 1956.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e22\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e21. Cf. In May, 1954, the Punjab\r\nLegislative Assembly presented a Marriage Reform Bill. See IHSAN YILMAZ,\r\nDYNAMIC LEGAL PLURALISM IN THE \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eAGE\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e\r\nOF POST MODERNITY: THE RECONSTRUCTION OF UNOFFICIAL MUSLIM \u003cst1:stockticker\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eLAWS\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e IN THE UK, TURKEY \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eAND\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e\r\nPAKISTAN Chap. 5 (\u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eLondon\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e:\r\nSO AS (Ph D thesis in progress).\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e22. JOHN ESPOSITO, WOMEN IN MUSLIM FAMILY\r\nLAW 83 (New York, 1982); as quoted in \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003ePLD\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e\r\n1989 \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eKar\u003c/span\u003e. 513. Also see CASSANDRA BALCHIN. supra,\r\nNote 3, at p.33. Also see IHSAN YILMAZ, supra, Note 21, at Chap. 5. Cf. In the\r\nreport of the Commission, it was said that family laws as presently applied\r\nwere the result of misinterpretation of Islam and the resultant laws were\r\nun-Islamic, and that existing judicial machinery was slow and dilatory, see\r\nIHSAN YILMAZ, ibid at Chap.5.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThis report could never be\r\nauthorized as a law because of the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eUlema\u003c/span\u003e protest.\r\nHowever, Field Marshal \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAyub\u003c/span\u003e Khan, Chief Martial Law\r\nAdministrator and the then President of Pakistan promulgated, under the cover\r\nof Martial Law, and during the period when the National Assembly stood\r\ndissolved and the state of emergency proclaimed, the Muslim Family Laws\r\nOrdinance, 1961 on \u003cst1:date Year=\"19\" Day=\"3\" Month=\"2\" ls=\"trans\" w:st=\"on\"\u003e2-3-19\u003c/st1:date\u003e61,\r\nand which came into force on 15-7-1961. This Ordinance was an adoption of the\r\nreport of the Commission published in June, 1956.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThis promulgation was strongly\r\nsupported by the All Pakistan Women\u0027s Association (APWA), which was then headed\r\nby Begum \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eRana\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eLiaqat\u003c/span\u003e Ali\r\nKhan. However, the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eUlema\u003c/span\u003e Community resented the law\r\nas against the Injunctions of Islam.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eWHAT IS MUSLIM FAMILY \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eLAWS\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e\r\nORDINANCE\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe Muslim Family Laws Ordinance (VIII\r\nof 1961) is an Ordinance which is protected under the Constitution and has an\r\noverriding effect on other laws. It deals with, and tries to develop certain\r\naspects of the law of succession, registration of marriages, polygamy, divorce,\r\nmaintenance and dower.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eMUSLIM FAMILY \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eLAWS\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e\r\nORDINANCE \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eAND\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e ITS PROTECTION IN\r\nCONSTITUTION\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe Constitution of 1962\r\nprotected the Ordinance\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e by keeping it outside the ambit of the\r\nauthority of the Courts of Pakistan from being challenged as \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eviolative\u003c/span\u003e of Fundamental Rights and repugnant to Islam.\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\r\nThis protection to the Ordinance was extended by the Interim Constitution of\r\n1972.\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.75pt\u0027\u003e23. Cf. Bengal \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMuhammadan\u003c/span\u003e Marriages and Divorces Registration Act, 1876.\r\nIt was a law \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;\r\ncolor:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eproviding the facility of voluntary registration\r\nof marriages and divorces with Registrars \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.65pt\u0027\u003eappointed by the\r\nProvincial Government. See DR. TAHIR MAHMOOD, supra. Note 4, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.9pt\u0027\u003eat p.59.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e24. Fourth schedule,\r\nitem No VI under \u0026quot;Ordinances promulgated by the President\u0026quot;.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003e25. Infra, Note 37, at p.74\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:43.15pt\u0027\u003e. \u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e26. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.55pt\u0027\u003eArticle 7(3), First Schedule, Part \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eIII\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e,\r\nItem No.3 under \u0026quot;Ordinances promulgated by the\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.9pt\u0027\u003e President\u0026quot;.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe said protection continued in\r\nthe Constitution of 1973 as provided in the First Schedule under Article 8(1)\r\nand (2), The Constitution of 1973 was suspended by General Muhammad \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eZia-ul-Haq\u003c/span\u003e, who on 5th July, 1977 promulgated Martial Law\r\nin the Country which remained in force till 29-12-1985. During suspension of\r\nthe Constitution, \u003cst1:Street w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:address w:st=\"on\"\u003eFederal \u003cspan\r\n  class=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e Court\u003c/st1:address\u003e\u003c/st1:Street\u003e was established\r\nunder the Constitution by Presidential Order, but the consideration of the\r\nOrdinance was excluded from its jurisdiction\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e as to whether it was\r\nrepugnant to the Injunctions of Islam as laid down in \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQur\u0027an\u003c/span\u003e\r\nand \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSunnah\u003c/span\u003e, which position still continues. In the\r\nConstitution of Pakistan, 1973, as revived on 30-12-1985, Muslim Family Laws\r\nOrdinance again finds place in the First Schedule, Part II, item \u003cst1:stockticker\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eIII\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e under \u0027Ordinances promulgated by the President\u0027\r\nin the list of laws exempted from the operation of Article 8(1) and (2), under\r\nclause (3)(b) of Article 8. An argument states that Muslim Family Laws Ordinance\r\nwas protected by the Constitution because the framer of \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-size:\r\n7.0pt;letter-spacing:1.15pt\u0027\u003ethe\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;\r\nletter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003elaw was conscious in his mind that it is against\r\nthe fundamental right as guaranteed \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;\r\nletter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eit, \u003c/span\u003eArticle 20 of the Constitution.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e27. Under Article\r\n203-D, \u003cst1:Street w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:address w:st=\"on\"\u003eFederal \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e\r\n  Court\u003c/st1:address\u003e\u003c/st1:Street\u003e can declare a law either against or in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.5pt\u0027\u003eaccordance with the Injunctions of Islam. However, under Article 203-B,\r\nFederal \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.75pt\u0027\u003etourt\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:\r\n12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e cannot exercise jurisdiction over Muslim\r\nPersonal Law and Courts have declared \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003eMFLC) to be included\r\nin Muslim Personal Law. Cf. \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003ePLD\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e\r\n1981 SC 120.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe need to give protection to\r\nthis Ordinance is the opposition it has to face. Although the \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eUlema\u003c/span\u003e Community of Pakistan has always been against this\r\nOrdinance yet it seems that no politically motivated opposition from the masses\r\nhas ever been launched against it, in spirit. One of the examples supporting\r\nthis conclusion is the tact that in early 1986 Senate passed the 9th Amendment\r\nBill to the Constitution giving jurisdiction to Federal \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e\r\nCourt to declare Muslim Personal Law (which includes Muslim Family Laws\r\nOrdinance), for the time being in force, as against \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQur\u0027an\u003c/span\u003e\r\nand \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSunnah\u003c/span\u003e. However, this Bill could not become\r\nAmendment as the National Assembly never passed it till it was dissolved by the\r\nPresident by his proclamation, dated \u003cst1:date Month=\"5\" Day=\"29\" Year=\"1988\"\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e29-5-1988\u003c/st1:date\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eOn 15-6-1988, the President of\r\nPakistan promulgated the Enforcement of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShari\u0027ah\u003c/span\u003e\r\nOrdinance, which gave powers to Supreme Court and the High Courts to examine\r\nwhether Muslim Personal Law (including Muslim Family Law\u0027s Ordinance), is in\r\naccordance with Islam, and if it is not, to declare it void/ineffective/not\r\napplicable. Though the Ordinance\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/b\u003e was revised on 15-10\u0026#8209;1988, died its\r\nnatural death on 15-2-1989, as it was not placed before the National Assembly,\r\nnewly elected in November, 1988.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e28. Ordinance being\r\nvalid for 4 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;\r\ncolor:red\u0027\u003emonths only. See Article 89 of the Constitution of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:\r\n  7.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003ePakistan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e\r\n1973.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eMUSLIM FAMILY \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eLAWS\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e\r\nORDINANCE \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eAND\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e THE CONTROVERSY OF\r\nNOTICE\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe controversy of the Notice,\r\nwhich has been taken as the central theme of this article arises from the\r\ndifference of procedure as is provided in the Ordinance from the one provided\r\nin the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariah\u003c/span\u003e Law, applicable before coming into\r\nforce of this Ordinance. The provision of section 3 of Muslim Family Laws\r\nOrdinance implies that any law or custom or usage stands impliedly repealed by\r\nthe provisions of this Ordinance. This controversy is to the effect that the\r\ndivorce pronounced, according to the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQur\u0027an\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eSunnah\u003c/span\u003e, becomes operative on pronouncement, whereas under\r\nsection 7(3) of Muslim Family Laws Ordinance, the divorce will not take effect\r\nat all unless 90 days elapse after the service \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-size:\r\n8.0pt\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003enotice on the Chairman Union Council.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eCONTROVERSY ARISES\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red\u0027\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe first important controversy\r\nthat arose due to the promulgation \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;\r\nletter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eof\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e29. Pot the analysis of\r\nthe relevant case-law, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:\r\n8.0pt;color:red\u0027\u003esee \u003cst1:City w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePEARL\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e,\r\nDAVID \u003cst1:stockticker w:st=\"on\"\u003eAND\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e WERNER MENSKI, supra,\r\nNote 8, at Chap. 9.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"