"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 9\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 9\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"./1994J16_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003ecosmos\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eSaif\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e4\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  \u003co:TotalTime\u003e0\u003c/o:TotalTime\u003e\r\n  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div.MsoHeading8\r\n\t{mso-style-next:Normal;\r\n\tmargin-top:0in;\r\n\tmargin-right:92.9pt;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:.5in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-align:justify;\r\n\ttext-indent:.5in;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tpage-break-after:avoid;\r\n\tmso-outline-level:8;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\ttext-decoration:underline;\r\n\ttext-underline:single;}\r\np.MsoHeading9, li.MsoHeading9, div.MsoHeading9\r\n\t{mso-style-next:Normal;\r\n\tmargin-top:0in;\r\n\tmargin-right:92.9pt;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:0in;\r\n\tmargin-left:2.0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\ttext-align:justify;\r\n\ttext-indent:.5in;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tpage-break-after:avoid;\r\n\tmso-outline-level:9;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tfont-weight:bold;\r\n\ttext-decoration:underline;\r\n\ttext-underline:single;}\r\n@page Section1\r\n\t{size:6.35in 841.7pt;\r\n\tmargin:.75in 0in 2.9pt .35in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e[Address to the course\r\nparticipants of the National Defence College, Rawalpindi on 31st October,\r\n1993.]\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003eBy\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eMr. Justice Dr. Nasim Hasan\r\nShah, Chief Justice of Pakistan\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe rule of law has now become a\r\nuniversal obligation of every civilised society. It means supremacy of law as\r\nopposed to the arbitrary authority of the Government. This supremacy according\r\nto Dicey comprises of at least three concepts i.e. absence of arbitrary power,\r\nequality before law and the right of every citizen to be aware of his rights\r\nand obligations. In a country governed by the rule of law men are free to\r\npursue their vocations and to enjoy their legal rights consistent with their\r\nobligations to their fellow citizens, free from arbitrariness from any quarter.\r\nThey are subject only to law as opposed to being subject to the whim of one or\r\nmote persons.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe three concepts of the `rule\r\nof law\u0027 propounded by Dicey the famous professor of Constitutional Law of\r\nEngland, have also undergone considerable change owing primarily to the multifarious\r\nactivities of a modern State and have been subjected to severe criticism by the\r\nmodern lawyers.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAccording to them, the scope of\r\nthe rule of law should not be confined within narrow limits. On the other hand,\r\nthe rule of law should be equated with domocracy as understood by the liberal\r\ntradition. The powers of the Executive should not only be derived from the law,\r\nbut also limited by it. Every political authority should be subject to\r\nconsiderable limitations:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe concept of the rule of law\r\nhas always been in the minds of the members of a civilised society and framers\r\nof the Constitution. Thus, many modern Constitutions, including our own,\r\nincorporate certain `fundamental rights\u0027, though usually restricted by words\r\nsuch as `public order\u0027, `due process of law\u0027. The American Declaration of\r\nIndependence, 1776 states that all men are created equal, and among their\r\ninalienable rights are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eA declaration of rights of man\r\nwas pre\u0026#8209;fixed to the French Constitution of 1791 and confirmed by the\r\npreambles to the Constitutions of 1946 and 1958. Similarly, the Universal\r\nDeclaration of Human Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United\r\nNations in 1948 and the European. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights\r\nand Fundamental Freedoms, drawn up in Rome in 1950 and came into force in 1953,\r\nare steps for the preservation of the `rule of law\u0027.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe most recent efforts for the\r\ndevelopment and upholding of the `rule of law\u0027 and making the world community\r\naware of it has been undertaken by the International Commission of Jurists.\r\nThis independent organisation affiliated to UNESCO has attempted to give\r\nmaterial content to `the rule of law\u0027 One of the Commission\u0027s achievement is\r\nthe Declaration of Delhi 1959. It was attended by more than 50 countries. The\r\nquestionnaire made the basis of the Declaration was circulated to 75,000\r\nlawyers. Respect for the supreme value of human personality was stated to be\r\nthe basis of all law. The `rule of law\u0027 according to the declaration of Delhi\r\nrelates to (i) the legislature: that there is a right to representative and\r\nresponsible Government, and there are certain minimum standards or principles\r\nof the law, including those contained m the Universal Declaration and European\r\nConvention, in particular, freedom of religious belief, assembly and\r\nassociation and the absence of retroatice law; (ii) the executive, especially,\r\nthat delegated legislation should be subject to independent judicial control,\r\nand that a citizen who is wronged should have a remedy against the State or\r\nGovernment; (iii) the criminal process; a `fair trial\u0027 should be provided to\r\nthe accused. It involves such elements as certainty of criminal law, the\r\npresumption of innocence, reasonable rules relating to arrest, accusation and\r\ndetention pending trial, the giving of notice and provision for legal advice,\r\npublic trial, right of appeal, and absence of cruel and unusual punishments;\r\n(iv) the judiciary and the legal profession: This requires the independence of\r\nthe judiciary, and proper grounds and procedure for the removal of judges and\r\nimposes a responsibility on an organised and autonomous legal profession.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThus, the concept of `the rule of\r\nlaw\u0027 as originally understood has since undergone a large development and\r\nelaboration.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch4 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003eENFORCEMENT OF LAW BY JUDICIARY\u003c/h4\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe duty of seeing that the rule\r\nof law is observed and actually enforced falls in practice upon the judicial\r\ndepartment of the State. It is the judiciary on which devolves the task of\r\ndetermining if any transgression of the law has occurred and if so, to\r\nprescribe the necessary remedial action for correcting the wrong done. It is\r\nalso the duty of the judiciary, in a State governed by a written Constitution,\r\nto review legislative or administrative action with the view to ascertaining\r\nthat the legislative measures that have been enacted or the administrative\r\naction taken which a citizen claims to have injured any of his legal rights,\r\nhave been enacted or taken in conformity with the Constitution and the law. On\r\naccount of this position, the judicial arm of a State not only acts as an\r\narbiter between, the State and the citizens but also acts as a watchdog over\r\nthe acts of the legislature and the executive. It is \u0027in this sense superior to\r\nthe two other organs of the State. \u0026quot;There is no better test of the\r\nexcellence of a Government\u0026quot; wrote Lord Bryce, \u0026quot;than the efficiency of\r\nits judicial system, for nothing more nearly touches the welfare and security\r\nof the average citizen than his sense that he can rely on the certain and\r\nprompt administration of justice\u0026quot;.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch5 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003eCONCEPT OF JUSTICE IN ISLAM\u003c/h5\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIslam attaches great importance\r\nto the administration of justice. In fact \u0026quot;Justice\u0026quot; in Islam is\r\nconsidered to be a divine attribute and the administration of justice regarded\r\nas a religious duty and an act of piety. The following verses from Holy Qur\u0027an\r\nexplain the concept of justice in Islam:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;He has set up the balance\r\n(of justice). In order that ye may not transgress (due) balance. So establish\r\nweight with justice and fall not short in the balance.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;O, ye who believe: Stand\r\nout firmly for God, as witnesses to fair dealing, and let not the hatred of\r\nothers to you make you swerve to wrong and depart from justice. Be just: that\r\nis next to piety: and fear God, for God is well acquainted with all that ye\r\ndo.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe principles underlying the\r\nadministration of justice in Islam are mainly three viz. Adl (Justice), Ihsan\r\n(Grace) and Musawat (equality). The principle of Adl assures fairness in all\r\naffairs of life, while Musawat requires that even in placing of burden of\r\nobligations both equality and capacity shall be kept in view. Ishan, on the\r\nother. hand tapers the severity of law, ennobles human existence and\r\nstrengthens the bonds of friendship. These principles are the ideals to which\r\nwe in Pakistan aspire.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch6 style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in;\r\nmargin-bottom:.0001pt\u0027\u003eDEVELOPMENT IN THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM AFTER \u003c/h6\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch6 style=\u0027margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:1.0in;\r\nmargin-bottom:.0001pt;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003eESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTAN\u003c/h6\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eOn the August 14, 1947, the Indo\u0026#8209;Pakistan\r\nSub\u0026#8209;continent was partitioned and an Independent Dominion of Pakistan\r\ncame into being. As provided in the Indian Independence Act, 1947, the new\r\nDominion was to be governed as early as possible in accordance with the\r\nGovernment of India Act, 1935 whereunder administration of British India was\r\nearlier being carried out. Of course, the laws of British India existing\r\nimmediately before the date of Independence continued with necessary\r\nadaptations and modifications as the laws of Pakistan. In this way no vacuum\r\nwas created in the rule of law. Just as there occurred no break in the drain of\r\nlegal continuity, the pattern of judicial authority, too, remained the same.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoHeading7 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003eHIERARCHY OF COURTS\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003ePakistan has thus inherited the\r\nBritish\u0026#8209;Indian Judicial structure. At the apex of the pyramid of this\r\njudicial structure is the Supreme Court which acts as the final guardian of the\r\nConstitution. It is also the final Court of Appeal in matters arising out of\r\ncases decided by the High Courts, and in this capacity, it replaces the\r\nJudicial Committee of the Privy Council, sitting in London. Next in the\r\ngradation are the four High Courts in the Provinces exercising general control\r\nover the administration of justice in their respective territorial limits.\r\nUnder the High Courts are the District and Sessions Judges and Additional\r\nDistrict and Sessions Judges with jurisdiction in both civil and criminal\r\nmatters. Below the District and Sessions Judges, there are on the civil side,\r\nCivil Judges of different grades. On the criminal side, there are District\r\nMagistrates, Additional District Magistrates and other Magistrates exercising\r\nvarious powers. In addition, there are several Special Judges for trying\r\nspecific types of cases and likewise there are Special Courts and Tribunals\r\nwith jurisdiction conferred on them in specified fields only.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe hierarchy of the Courts as\r\nexplained above may be illustrated by means of a diagram, as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ctable border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style=\u0027border-collapse:collapse;\r\n border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n \u003ctr\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=576 colspan=8 valign=top style=\u0027width:6.0in;border:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n  4\u0027\u003e                                                \u003c/span\u003eSupreme Court\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n \u003c/tr\u003e\r\n \u003ctr\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=144 colspan=2 valign=top style=\u0027width:1.5in;border:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003ePb.High court\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=144 colspan=2 valign=top style=\u0027width:1.5in;border-top:none;\r\n  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eSindh High Court\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=144 colspan=2 valign=top style=\u0027width:1.5in;border-top:none;\r\n  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eN.W.F.P High Court\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=144 colspan=2 valign=top style=\u0027width:1.5in;border-top:none;\r\n  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eBalochistan High Court\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n \u003c/tr\u003e\r\n \u003ctr\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=144 colspan=2 valign=top style=\u0027width:1.5in;border:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eDistrict Court\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=144 colspan=2 valign=top style=\u0027width:1.5in;border-top:none;\r\n  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eDistrict Court\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=144 colspan=2 valign=top style=\u0027width:1.5in;border-top:none;\r\n  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eDistrict Court\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=144 colspan=2 valign=top style=\u0027width:1.5in;border-top:none;\r\n  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eDistrict Court\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n \u003c/tr\u003e\r\n \u003ctr\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 valign=top style=\u0027width:.75in;border:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCivil\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCourt\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 valign=top style=\u0027width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;\r\n  border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCriminal\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCourt\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 valign=top style=\u0027width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;\r\n  border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCivil\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCourt\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 valign=top style=\u0027width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;\r\n  border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCriminal\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCourt\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 valign=top style=\u0027width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;\r\n  border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCivil\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCourt\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 valign=top style=\u0027width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;\r\n  border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCriminal\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCourt\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 valign=top style=\u0027width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;\r\n  border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCivil\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCourt\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 valign=top style=\u0027width:.75in;border-top:none;border-left:none;\r\n  border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCriminal\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eCourt\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n \u003c/tr\u003e\r\n \u003c![if !supportMisalignedColumns]\u003e\r\n \u003ctr height=0\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 style=\u0027border:none\u0027\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 style=\u0027border:none\u0027\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 style=\u0027border:none\u0027\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 style=\u0027border:none\u0027\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 style=\u0027border:none\u0027\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 style=\u0027border:none\u0027\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 style=\u0027border:none\u0027\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=72 style=\u0027border:none\u0027\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\r\n \u003c/tr\u003e\r\n \u003c![endif]\u003e\r\n\u003c/table\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eFrom the above diagram, it is\r\nevident that the judicial system of Pakistan is like a pyramid, with the\r\nSupreme Court at the apex. However, in addition to the regular Courts, referred\r\nto above, several special tribunals have also been established to deal with\r\nspecified matters such as the Income Tax Tribunal, Labour Courts, Banking\r\nCourts, the Family Courts; the Rent Tribunals etc. etc. whose powers and\r\njurisdiction are specked in the statutes creating them. However, though these\r\nCourts and Tribunals are not subordinate to the Provincial High Courts, their\r\ndecisions can be scrutinised in exercise of its Constitutional jurisdiction\r\nwhenever these Courts or tribunals are found to contravene the law under which\r\nthey are acting or exceed their jurisdiction. Similarly, the decisions of\r\nService Tribunals established to deal with cases relating the terms and\r\nconditions of persons in the service of Pakistan, can be brought for\r\nexamination before the Supreme Court, which may grant leave to appeal against\r\ntheir decisions, if the case involves a substantial question of law of public\r\nimportance. Again the decisions of the Federal Shariat Court which has been\r\nestablished to examine and decide the question whether or not any provision of\r\nlaw is repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Qur\u0027an\r\nand Sunnah of the Prophet (peace be upon him) can also be made the subject\u0026#8209;matter\r\nof appeal before the Supreme Court. In this way, every decision whether of an\r\nordinary Court or of a special Court or tribunal can be taken for scrutiny to\r\nthe apex of the pyramid of the judicial structure in the country, namely, the\r\nSupreme Court either by the process of appeal and revision before the normal\r\nCourts in the ordinary way or by the exercise of the extraordinary\r\nConstitutional jurisdiction of the High Courts where the decision has been\r\ngiven by a Special Court or Tribunal.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eA few words more about the\r\nSupreme Court may, therefore, be in order.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch5 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003eTHE SUPREME COURT\u003c/h5\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe Constitution as pointed out\r\nalready, plates the Supreme Court at the apex of the judicial system of our\r\ncountry. It is a Court of ultimate appeal in matters civil and criminal and has\r\noriginal jurisdiction not only in its capacity as the final arbiter of any\r\ndispute which might arise amongst the four federated provinces of Pakistan but\r\nalso in its capacity as the guardian of the Constitution. The law declared by\r\nthe Supreme Court is binding on all Courts in Pakistan and all the executive\r\nand judicial authorities throughout Pakistan are directed to act in its aid.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe Chief Justice and Judges of\r\nthe Supreme Court are appointed by the President from amongst persons\r\npossessing the necessary qualifications prescribed by the Constitution, that\r\nis, having been a Judge of a High Court for not less than five years or having\r\nbeen an advocate for not less than fifteen years. The retireing age is 65\r\nyears. Being a superior Court of record, it has also the inherent powers and\r\njurisdiction of such a Court in addition to those specified by the Constitution\r\nsuch as, power to punish for its own contempt and the power to make its own\r\nrules of procedure. The original jurisdiction empowers it to hear and determine\r\ndisputes between the four Provincial Governments and or the Central Government.\r\nUnder its advisory jurisdiction, the Court may give its opinion on a reference\r\nharing been made to it by the President on a question of law. In its appellate\r\ncapacity it hears and determines appeals against the judgments delivered by the\r\nfour Provincial High Courts, the Federal Shariat Court and the Service\r\nTribunals, subject to its being persuaded to grant leave to appeal against the\r\njudgments of the said Courts or Tribunals, being impugned before it.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoHeading8 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003eIMPLEMENTATION OF SHARIAH AND\r\nSHARIAT COURTS\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eEver since the creation of\r\nPakistan demands were made for bringing the existing laws in the country in\r\nconformity with the Holy Qur\u0027an and Sunnah and for administering justice in\r\naccordance with the dictates of Islam.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIn 1949, the Constituent Assembly\r\nof Pakistan accepted the famous Objectives Resolution where it was inter alia\r\nresolved to include in the proposed Constitution such provisions as shall\r\nenable the Muslims to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres,\r\nin accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam, as set out in the\r\nHoly Qur\u0027an and the Sunnah. Accordingly, in the 1956 Constitution, that was\r\nadopted by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan in 1956, the country was named\r\nas the \u0026quot;Islamic\u0026quot; Republic of Pakistan and it was provided in Article\r\n198 thereof that \u0026quot;no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to the\r\ninjunctions \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003eIslam as laid\r\ndown in the Holy Qur\u0027an and Sunnah\u0026quot;. A Commission was also to be set up to\r\nmake recommendations for bringing the existing laws in conformity with the\r\ninjunctions of Islam.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eNot much progress was made in\r\nthis connection in the short period during which this Constitution remained in\r\nforce and until its abrogation in October, 1958 and the imposition of Martial\r\nLaw.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAgain in 1962, when Field Martial\r\nMuhammad Ayub Khan promulgated his Constitution, a provision was made therein\r\nfor the creation of an Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology and by the First.\r\n(Constitution) Amendment Act, 1963, the said Council was also made responsible\r\nto examine all laws then in force with a view to bringing them into conformity\r\nwith the teachings and requirements of Islam. In addition, in the First\r\nPrinciple of Policy which was also introduced by the said amendment in the\r\nConstitution, it was provided that \u0026quot;no law shall be made which is\r\nrepugnant to the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Holy\r\nQur\u0027an and Sunnah and all existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the\r\nHoly Qur\u0027an and Sunnah\u0026quot; By Article 6(1), however, the responsibility for\r\ndeciding whether a proposed law was violative of or was not in accordance with\r\nthe said principle was placed upon the legislature concerned. Consequently,\r\nneither the High Courts nor the Supreme Court had any responsibility in the matter\r\nof determining whether any law violated or was otherwise not in conformity with\r\nthe Holy Qur\u0027an and Sunnah, as such the provisions contained in 1962\r\nConstitution were more in the nature of a manifesto for the law\u0026#8209;makers\r\nrather than binding obligations enforceable by Court of law.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eEven these pious hopes suffered a\r\nset\u0026#8209;back in 1969 with the imposition of Martial Law and the abrogation of\r\nthe Constitution of 1962. It was only with the enactment of the Constitution of\r\n1973 by the National Assembly of Pakistan that attention was again drawn to\r\nthis matter and a provision was inserted therein to the effect that \u0026quot;all\r\nexisting laws shall be brought in conformity with the Injunctions of Islam as\r\nlaid down in the Holy Qur\u0027an and Sunnah and that no law shall be enacted which\r\nis repugnant to such injunctions\u0026quot;. However, as in the 1962 Constitution,\r\nthe implementation of this objective was made the responsibility of the\r\nlegislature (vide Article 227) and no power was conferred for its enforcement\r\non the superior Judiciary.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:2.0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.5in\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoHeading9 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\"mso-spacerun:\r\nyes\"\u003e \u003c/span\u003eHUDOOD LAWS\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAn important step towards\r\nIslamisation of the laws was taken on the 12th of Rabi\u0026#8209;ul\u0026#8209;Awwal,\r\n1399 A.H. (10th February, 1979) when five Ordinances were promulgated by the\r\nPresident of Pakistan whereby the existing Penal Code of Pakistan was amended\r\nin significant respects. Under these Ordinances both the conceptual nature of\r\nthe acts which were considered to be offences under the said Penal Code as also\r\nthe quantum of punishment and the mode of punishment prescribed therein,\r\naffecting property of persons and affecting the moral and social order of the\r\nsociety were radically altered with a view to bringing the law on these\r\nquestions in conformity with the Holy Qur\u0027an and Sunnah.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIt may be pointed out at this stage\r\nthat Islamic Penal Laws are based on two notions of crime i.e. Hadd and Tazir.\r\nBy Hadd (plural of which is Hudood) is meant punishment fixed by the Qur\u0027an for\r\nan offence, whereas by Tazir (plural of which is Tazirat) is meant penalty or\r\npunishment fixed by the State. Traditional Islamic Criminal Law, therefore,\r\nconsists of both Hudood and Tazirat. In Pakistan for the first time steps were\r\ntaken to Islamize the Penal Code by repealing the existing provisions relating\r\nto offences of theft, robbery, dacoity, abduction, rape, fornication, adultery,\r\nfalse accusation of adultery, drunkenness etc. and replacing them by Hudood and\r\nTazirat Laws. In this process the entire Penal Code has not been recast but it\r\nhas been amended through the promulgation of several new Orders and Ordinances\r\nwhich came into force on February 10, 1979.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:1.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003eISLAMIZATION OF LAWS\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIn addition to the promulgation\r\nof the Hudood Laws, the Council of Islamic Ideology has examined the laws\r\nenacted during the British rule as also several other Acts promulgated\r\nthereafter with a view to ascertaining whether the provisions of the laws\r\ncontained therein conflicted with the injunctions of Islam and submitted\r\nrecommendations to bring them into conformity with the Injunctions of Islam or\r\nto re\u0026#8209;enact them, after repealing the existing law. The Evidence Act,\r\n11372 was repealed, in accordance with its recommendations and the Qanun\u0026#8209;e\u0026#8209;Shahadat,\r\n1984 promulgated to replace it.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eSimilarly the Federal Shariat\r\nCourt has scrutinised a large number of laws and found that some of them\r\ncontained provisions repugnant to the Constitution. The laws which were found\r\nto contain provisions repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam included the Civil\r\nServants Act (LXXI of 1973) particularly section 13 thereof which empowered the\r\nCentral Government to retire a public servant after he had completed 25 years\r\nqualifying service, on the ground that it conferred arbitrary powers to the\r\nCentral Government which was not consistent with the Islamic notions of\r\njustice, the Security of Pakistan Act (XXXV of 1952) and the West Pakistan\r\nPress and Publications Ordinance (XXX of 1963). Riba or interest was found\r\nimpermissible in Islam and all laws authoritising were declared invalid. Some\r\naccount of how the Federal Shariat Court came into existence and its role would\r\nbe appropriate here.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:1.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003eFEDERAL SHARIAT COURT\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe President of Pakistan\r\nalongwith the promulgation of the Hudood Laws also promulgated on the same day,\r\na Constitution (Amendment) Order, 1979 to take effect on the 12th of Rabi\u0026#8209;ul\u0026#8209;Awwal,\r\n1939 A.H./10th February, 1979. According to this Order Shariat Benches were\r\nconstituted in the country i.e. each High Court was to have a Shariat Bench\r\nwhile an Appellate Shariat Bench was to be constituted in the Supreme Court at\r\nRawalpindi/Islamabad. These Shariat Benches were empowered to strike down\r\nexisting as well as future laws, with the exception of the Constitution, Muslim\r\nPersonal Law, any law relating to the procedure of any Court or tribunal or\r\nuntil the expiration of three years from the commencement of the Constitution\r\n(Amendment) Order, 1979, later extended to 10 years, any fiscal law or any law\r\nrelating to the collection of taxes and fees or banking or insurance practice\r\nand procedure, if they were repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam. While doing\r\nso the Shariat Benches apart from declaring any existing or future law to be\r\nIslamic or un Islamic, could also suggest how best the law declared to be un\u0026#8209;Islamic\r\ncould be re\u0026#8209;shaped in order to bring it in conformity with the relevant\r\ninjunctions of Islam and Sunnah for implementation by the Government.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eOn May 27, 1980 the four Shariat\r\nBenches constituted in the High Courts were, however, replaced by establishing\r\na Federal Shariat Court at the Capital of Pakistan, Islamabad to be composed of\r\nfive Judges and three Ulema, well\u0026#8209;versed in Islamic Law. The Federal\r\nShariat Court could examine and decide the question whether/or not any law or\r\nprovision of law was repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam. It was also\r\nconferred the powers of hearing appeals or revisions against the decision\r\npassed by any criminal Court in relation to any law relating to the enforcement\r\nof Hudood. Recently, the Government has increased the powers of the Federal\r\nShariaf Court so that it can undertake the examination of any law suo motu with\r\na view to seeing whether or not it is in conformity with the Holy Qur\u0027an and\r\nSunaah. It has also been provided that the law declared by the Federal Shariat\r\nCourt will be binding on the High Courts and the Courts subordinate thereto.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch5 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003eAPPEAL TO THE SUPREME COURT\u003c/h5\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAn appeal can be filed before the\r\nSupreme Court of Pakistan against the judgment passed by the Federal Shariat\r\nCourt and is heard by a Special Bench of the Supreme Court called the Shariat\r\nAppellate Bench of the Supreme Court. This Bench shall consist of three Muslim\r\nJudges of the said Court alongwith two Ulema Judges.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch4 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003eFUTURE OF THE JUDICIARY IN PAKISTAN: REFLECTIONS\u003c/h4\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eA civilised society in modern\r\ntime, is inconceivable without an Independent Judiciary. Pakistan so far has,\r\nby and large, been blessed with an independent judiciary. The existing judicial\r\nsystem in Pakistan is at present under considerable cirticism and also in the\r\nprocess of transformation. In addition to the traditional Courts, a Federal\r\nShariat Court and an Appellate Shariat Bench in the Supreme Court have already\r\nbeen set up which have started to function. The Courts for speedy trials and\r\nthe Supreme Appellate Court have also been established. But, notwithstanding\r\nthese changes, the fact remains that the basic structure and system of\r\nadministration of justice has not been redically altered. Indeed the new system\r\nof Courts cannot be envisioned to have set up a parallel system of Courts to\r\nthe one that is functioning at present. Instead, the new Courts either\r\nsupplement the existing Courts or in some cases partially replaced them.\r\nIntegration is still achieved through the apex Supreme Court of Pakistan which\r\nhas the final appellate powers both against the decisions of the traditional\r\nCourts and also of the Shariat Courts. Thus at the apex, the two systems\r\nconverge.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAs for the criticism with regard\r\nto the present system, public confidence in the judiciary is mainly undermined\r\nby delay in providing justice. Efforts are being made to remove this defect.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eWith increasing consciousness in\r\nthe people of their rights, urbanisation and increase of literacy, litigation\r\nhas greatly increased but there has been no corresponding improvement either in\r\nthe size of the judiciary or in the facilities available to it. However,\r\ndespite this handicap and despite the recommendations of various Law\r\nCommissions in this regard, which have largely remained unimplemented I am glad\r\nto say that the judiciary continues to function fairly satisfactorily and has\r\nacquitted itself with considerable credit. Indeed some of its recent decisions\r\nhave been acclaimed throughout the world as profiles in courage and juristic\r\nlearning.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eI, therefore, consider it my good\r\nfortune to be heading the Judiciary of Pakistan at this important juncture of\r\nour history.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"