"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 9\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 9\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"./1994J14_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eJUDICATURE IN THE TRICHOTOMY OF POWER\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003ecosmos\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eSaif\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e4\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  \u003co:TotalTime\u003e0\u003c/o:TotalTime\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Created\u003e2002-04-11T05:45:00Z\u003c/o:Created\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastSaved\u003e2003-01-03T06:58:00Z\u003c/o:LastSaved\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Pages\u003e1\u003c/o:Pages\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Words\u003e5996\u003c/o:Words\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Characters\u003e34178\u003c/o:Characters\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Company\u003eoratier\u003c/o:Company\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Lines\u003e284\u003c/o:Lines\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Paragraphs\u003e68\u003c/o:Paragraphs\u003e\r\n  \u003co:CharactersWithSpaces\u003e41972\u003c/o:CharactersWithSpaces\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Version\u003e9.2720\u003c/o:Version\u003e\r\n \u003c/o:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003cw:WordDocument\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:View\u003eNormal\u003c/w:View\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing\u003e2.85 pt\u003c/w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing\u003e\r\n  \u003cw:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery\u003e2\u003c/w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery\u003e\r\n \u003c/w:WordDocument\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n\u003c!--\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\np.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal\r\n\t{mso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmargin:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@page Section1\r\n\t{size:6.35in 841.7pt;\r\n\tmargin:.75in 0in 2.9pt .35in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eJUDICATURE IN\r\nTHE TRICHOTOMY OF POWER\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:1.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:1.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eWITH\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eA FOCUS ON\r\nSUBORDINATE JUDICIARY\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:1.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eBy\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eMr. Ali Nawaz\r\nChowhan, District \u0026amp; Sessions Judge, Islamabad\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe primary idea of this essay is\r\nto: have a perspective of the Courts at the subordinate level, to locate the\r\nimpediments in their proper functioning and to focus on remedial measures with\r\nthe aim of improving the efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e1.1. \u003cb\u003eThe Court in law and\r\npolitics\u003c/b\u003e: \u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;People often speak of Courts as if they are or at\r\nleast ought to be \u0026quot;non\u0026#8209;political\u0026quot;. In a literal sense, of\r\ncourse, this is impossible. The Courts are an integral part of a government.\r\nSo, they are political institutions by definition as much as the other two\r\ninstitutions i.e. the legislature and the executive. The concern for avoiding\r\nof abuse of power led to the definition of the political power vesting in\r\ndifferent bodies of persons pertaining to three branches of government. But the\r\nhistory of liberty as was said by Woodrow Wilson is the history of limitations\r\non the power of the executive. Of course, the Courts provide the limitations\r\nand allow the State to run smoothly. In the case of Myers v. U.S. 272 U.S. 52,\r\n71 L. Ed. 160 it was said, \u0026quot;the doctrine of separation of powers was\r\nadopted in 1787, not to promote efficiency but to preclude the exercise of\r\narbitrary power. The purpose was not to avoid friction, but, by means of the\r\ninevitable friction incident to the distribution of the government power among\r\nthese three departments, to save the people from autocracy\u0026quot;. In his book\r\nThe Spirit of Laws Montesquieu remarked, \u0026quot;but constant experience shows us\r\nthat every man vested with power is apt to abuse it and to carry his authority\r\nunless he is confronted with limits. Is it not strange that we are obliged to\r\nsay that virtue itself has need of limits\u0026quot; The leaders of new, democratics\r\nin the third world have to appreciate the spirit of this need while viewing the\r\nCourts here in Pakistan. For success of any democracy the rule of law,\r\nseparation of powers and, administration of justice through an independent and\r\nmodern Court system are the essential bed rocks.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e1.2. \u003cb\u003eAdministration of justice\r\nin an Islamic State\u003c/b\u003e.\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;Islam attached great importance to\r\njustice. The concept of justice in Islam may be briefly stated in the words of\r\nthe Holy Qur\u0027an: \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u0026quot; `O\u0027 You who believe, the\r\nmaintainers of justice, bearers of witness for Allah\u0027s sake though it may be\r\nagainst your ownselves or your parents or near relations, be he rich or poor,\r\nAllah is most competent to deal with them both, therefore, do not follow your\r\nlow desires lest you deviate, and if your swerve or turn aside then surely\r\nAllah is aware of what you do\u0026quot; (Sura 4 Verse 135).\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIslam attaches great importance to\r\nthe administration of justice. In fact \u0026quot;Justice\u0026quot;, in Islam is\r\nconsidered to be a divine attribute and the administration of justice regarded\r\nas a religious duty and an act of piety. The following verse from the Holy\r\nQur\u0027an explains the concept of justice in Islam:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;He has set up the balance\r\n(of justice) in order that ye may not transgress (due) balance. So establish\r\nweight with justice and fall not short in the balance.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e1.3. It was during the period of\r\nUmar Bin\u0026#8209;al\u0026#8209;Khattab (RA.) that the administration of justice was\r\nseparated from the executive branch of the government through the appointment\r\nof Abu Mossa Al\u0026#8209;Ashri as a Judge in Kufa and Abdu Darda as a Judge in\r\nMadina Munawara. In his letter to Abu Mossa Hazrat Umar wrote, \u0026quot;now the\r\noffice of the Judge is a definite religious duty...\u0026quot; Prior to this the\r\nFirst Caliph and before him the Prophet of Islam (SAWS) acted as Judges. By\r\ncalling the duty of a Judge as a religious duty, Hazrat Umar emphasised the\r\nimportance attached to the functions of a Qazi. During the successive\r\ncaliphates, the position of the Qazi was one of great dignity. Administration\r\nof justice is an attribute of Allah. In this connection one may refer to some\r\nrevelation of the Holy Qur\u0027an like Sura Nisa which came at a time when the\r\nProphet (p.b.u.h.) was busy adjudicating a problem pertaining to inheritance of\r\none Thabet who fell fighting at the battle of Uhud. Likewise, Sura XXIV was\r\nrevealed when Prophet (p.b.u.h.) was deciding a case of accusation of adultery.\r\nThe importance of judiciary in Muslim State is well reflected in the Book Al\u0026#8209;Akam\u0026#8209;ul\u0026#8209;Sultania\r\nof Mawardi. Shah Wali Ullah\u0027s views on justice are as follows: \u0026quot;Justice is\r\na faculty of self (soul) from which flow actions which lead to sustenance of\r\nthe system of human civilization:\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e2.1. \u003cb\u003eA perspective of the\r\nPakistani Courts in the light of the separation of power, the rule of law and\r\nthe Constitution:\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;Pakistan was created in the name of\r\njustice, whether distributive or otherwise for all those who were to become the\r\ncitizens in the new State. The Independence Movement projected a Pakistani\r\nCivilization where justice for all was to be guaranteed. Being a Muslim State\r\nit \u0026#8209;was a bounden duty placed on its rulers to establish a system for\r\nadministration of justice par\u0026#8209;excellence. The 1973 Constitution of\r\nPakistan follows the principle of separation of powers. Part VII of the\r\nConstitution deals with judicature as a third branch of the government. In the\r\noriginal Constitution the Court tiers were: (a) the Supreme Court, (b) the High\r\nCourts and (c) the District Judge and subordinate Courts. Under Article 203\r\neach High Court was to supervise and control all Courts subordinate to it.\r\nChapter 3\u0026#8209;A was added on 25\u0026#8209;6\u0026#8209;1980 whereby the Federal\r\nShariat Court was established horizontally with the High Courts. However,\r\nArticle 4\u0026#8209;B of the Constitution gave extraordinary powers to the\r\nPresident for modifying the terms of appointment of the Chief Justice and\r\nJudges of the Federal Shariat Court.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e2.2. Article 212 is anchored in\r\nPart VII of the Constitution and deals with the judicature as a separate branch\r\nof the government under the trichotomy of power. The tribunals and\r\nadministrative Courts envisaged by this Article had to be an integral part of\r\nthe judicature. This was also enjoined by Article 2\u0026#8209;A (Objectives\r\nResolution) of the Constitution which says that, \u0026quot;the independence of\r\njudiciary shall be fully secured\u0026quot;. In this connection reference may also\r\nbe made to the spirit of Article 175 (3) which required separation of the\r\njudiciary from the executive. Unlike these Constitutional requirements any\r\nCourt scholar is baffled viewing the appointments of members in Judicial forums\r\nlike Federal Service Tribunal where members from the executive without even\r\nhaving a law degree or a legal training are invariably appointed. Incidentally,\r\nit may be mentioned that unlike Article 203 of the Constitution, giving\r\nsupervisory control to the High Courts over the subordinate judiciary, there is\r\nno such judicial supervisory control over the Service Tribunals.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e2.3. \u003cb\u003eThe 12th Amendment Speedy\r\nCourt Act, 1992 and Suppression of Terrorist Act, 1975\u003c/b\u003e: --\u0026#8209;Article 4\r\nof the Special Courts for Speedy Trial (Act 9 of 1992) deals with the\r\nconstitution of these Courts and specifies the qualification for appointment of\r\njudges for such Courts. It involves the advice of the Chief Justice in such\r\nappointments but except where the person to be appointed is a sitting judge of\r\nHigh Court the terms and conditions of service of a Special Judge are to be\r\ndetermined by the Government. The law gives only one right of appeal in decided\r\ncases and that too before the Supreme Appellate Court to be headed by a Judge\r\nof the Supreme Court and manned by two judges of the High Court. There can be\r\nmany such Appellate Courts. The appointments, at the Speedy Courts can be from\r\noutside the judiciary and many such appointments were found politically\r\nmotivated. Although these Courts performed the same type of work as the\r\nSessions Courts they were given salaries, perks and advantages far greater than\r\nthe existing Sessions Judges.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e2.4. \u003cb\u003eIs there a Court at the\r\nAPEX?\u003c/b\u003e\u0026#8209;.\u0026#8209;The legislation about the Speedy Courts established a\r\nparallel Court system for selective crimes giving rise to an important\r\njuridical issue. Do we have a Court at the Apex i.e. the Supreme Court in view\r\nof the provision of the Supreme Appellate Court in the parallel heirarchy? It\r\nis learnt that the Government has now realized the futility of these Courts and\r\nis thinking of winding them up.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e2.5. \u003cb\u003eSuppression of Terrorist\r\nActivities Special Courts Act, 1975: \u003c/b\u003e\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;These Courts are\r\nestablished by the Federal Government or by the Provincial Governments at the\r\nasking of the Federal Government for dealing with the selective crimes.\r\nHowever, unlike the Speedy Courts, the appeals from the sentences given by\r\nthese Courts or otherwise are referred to the High Courts. Although the appeals\r\nlie in the High Courts, the latter do not exercise such control over these\r\nCourts as is exercised by virtue of its powers under Article 203 of the\r\nConstitution. The absence of this control over the new appointees from the Bar\r\nwho are often inexperienced and with the power of determining their terms and\r\nconditions of service vesting in the executive the standards which are required\r\nto be observed for keeping the judiciary separate and independent are not\r\nfulfilled.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e2.6 \u003cb\u003eThe Labour Courts\u003c/b\u003e.\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;Invariably\r\nthe appointments to the Labour Courts are made by the Provincial Government\r\nfrom amongst the members of the judiciary. But here too there is no effective overseeing\r\nby the superior judiciary and keeping in view the power of the Government in\r\nthe matters of fixing the terms and conditions against these appointments one\r\nfeels that the standards required for independence of judiciary were being\r\noverlooked.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e3.1. \u003cb\u003eThe prevailing Dilemma in\r\nthe light of rule of law and the due process.\u003c/b\u003e\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;The rule\r\nof law according to Dicey articulates a basic idea for protecting the\r\nindividuals from an arbitrary Government. According to him liberty is\r\nessentially freedom from Government interference. The multiple and parallel\r\nCourt system in Pakistan is a negation of the rule of law. It is confronting\r\ncitizenry with the dilemma as to what the law is. It gives the State\r\nfunctionaries ample opportunity of exploitation. The introduction of Klashnikov\r\nrifle \u0026#8209;\u0026#8209; without even the strong proof of its use takes a case into\r\nthe ambit of jurisdiction of the Suppression of Terrorist Activities Act, 1975\r\nwith its stringent rules. If the desire of the State is to subject human\r\nconduct to a new dispensation for meeting a new development it is more proper\r\nto allow him to comprehend this new dispensation having purposive and moral\r\nqualities and not because it is a brute social fact. Due process and ordinary\r\ncommon forum for crimes strengthens the moral quality of law. Special Courts\r\ngive the impression of budget power in the hands of the executive. This also\r\nimpinges the fundamental rights in many ways of the accused because he comes\r\nunder extraordinary focus and of a complainant as he cannot take his case to a\r\nSpecial Court. By creating parallel forums and by taking them away from the\r\nsupervision of the main judiciary the impression given is of just observing\r\nlegality. But are we observing the rule of law? The general principle latent in\r\nthe idea of justice is that individuals are entitled in respect of each to a\r\ncertain relative position of equality or inequality.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e3.2. Creation of the Special\r\nCourts began with the establishments of Labour Courts. However, the Suppression\r\nof Terrorist Act, 1975 and the Speedy Courts Act, 1972 created parallel Courts\r\nassigned with jurisdiction over selective offences. By keeping its direct\r\ncontrol over these Courts, the executive branch has usurped a domain which\r\nConstitutionally belonged to the judiciary. This has given rise to the\r\nspecticism about the intentions of the Government in fulfilling its obligation\r\nof creating an independent judiciary as reflected in Articles 2\u0026#8209;A and 175\r\n(3) of the Constitution. Now when the Supreme Court of \u0027Pakistan has fixed a\r\ncut\u0026#8209;off date for separation of judiciary from the executive, it should\r\nmean not merely at the level of the Magistracy but at all forums, Courts and\r\nTribunals whose job is adjudication.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e4.1. \u003cb\u003eThe day\u0026#8209;to\u0026#8209;day\r\nperformance of Courts and the recommendations of Law Commission for improving\r\nefficiency:\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#8209;Before one takes on this subject it will be Worthwhile\r\nto postulate the usual criticism, which can be summed up as follows: .\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(a) The present backlog of the\r\ncases and the continuous addition to it thus is a direct result of not the\r\ngenuine litigation but of the false and fraudulent one. The encouragement for\r\nit is embedded in the delay in the disposal of cases.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(b) It may also be appreciated\r\nthat as the present day Judges are not being adequately trained on career they\r\nwork with hit and miss method. The new appointees are keen naturally, to show\r\noff \u0027 their authority and exercise their powers indiscriminately. The quality\r\nof their decisions is very poor and lack of confidence adversely affects the\r\nquantity as well. The present day economic compulsions. coupled with the\r\nauthority they wield, they may get tempted to go wayward at the instance of the\r\nunscrupulous litigants.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(c) The judiciary in this country\r\nsuffers from over judicialization and in the process the justice has taken leave\r\nwhile the procedure and inconsequential hair\u0026#8209;splitting have their hayday.\r\nEven such matters which are prescribed by the legislature to be dealt with\r\nsummarily, are being treated as civil suits and their decisions unreasonably\r\nprolonged. The rent and family matters fall in this category.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e4.2. The Law Reforms Commissions\r\nwhich sat before 1952 had the following recommendations to offer in criminal\r\ncases and in civil litigation. 1967 Law Reforms Commission was of the following\r\nview in criminal cases:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(1) Instructions should be issued\r\nto the Magistrates that they should take equal interest in the disposal of\r\ncomplaint cases as they do in police cases.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(2) A time\u0026#8209;limit not\r\nexceeding two months, should be fixed within which report should be submitted\r\nby the Court or the police officer or other officer to whom the complaint is\r\nreferred for inquiry or investigation and in case of non\u0026#8209;receipt of the\r\nreport by the date fixed by the Court, it should itself proceed with the\r\ninquiry.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(3) The strength of the process\u0026#8209;serving\r\nstaff should be increased.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(4) The terms and conditions of\r\nthe process\u0026#8209;serving staff should be improved and they should be entitled\r\nto draw travelling allowance and should be paid bicycle allowance especially\r\nwhere it is possible .for them to use bicycle.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(5) Attention of the Courts\r\nshould be drawn for strict compliance of the instructions issued for holding\r\ntrial from day to day and promptly examining the witnesses in attendance.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(6) Proper seating facilities and\r\nother conveniences should be provided in the Court premises to the witnesses\r\nand the litigant public visiting the Courts.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(7) The scales of daily allowance\r\nand travelling allowance admissible to\u0027 witnesses should be revised and made\r\nrealistic for which adequate provision in this behalf should be made in the\r\nbudget.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(8) Instructions should be issued\r\nto the heads of the departments to forward the summonses received by them for\r\nservice of the officials serving under them to their new addresses if they have\r\nbeen transferred meanwhile to some other station.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(9) Instructions should be issued\r\nby Government servant to appear as a witness, without reasonable cause in\r\ncriminal trial, would render him liable to departmental action besides the\r\naction by the Court.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(10) Scrutiny of bail bonds and\r\nsurety bonds should not be left by the presiding officers of the Court to their\r\nsubordinates nor should professional sureties be countenanced.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(11) In case of the accused\r\npersons confined in the judicial lock up or undergoing imprisonment in some\r\nother cases, the Court and the jail authorities should follow the instructions\r\nregarding the attendance of such accused persons issued by the Government and\r\nthe High Court.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(12) The Government should adopt\r\nquantitive yardstick for determining the number of whole time Magistrates\r\nrequired for the disposal of the criminal cases.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(13) Honorary Magistrates from\r\namongst the retired Magistrates, Munsifs, Civil Judges or other officials with\r\nsome experience of legal matters should be appointed in consultation with the\r\nHigh Court. Only persons with good reputation should be selected for\r\nappointment as Honorary Magistrates.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(14) Whole\u0026#8209;time Judicial\r\nMagistrates should be appointed for the disposal of criminal cases.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(15) In order to have an effective\r\nconstant supervision over the Magistrates, an elaborate machinery for\r\ninspection and quick intervention in complaints of malpractices should be set\r\nup and the institution of a \u003cu\u003eJudicial Ombudsman \u003c/u\u003eshould be created.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(16) Steps should be taken to improve\r\nthe working conditions of the Courts by providing adequate funds for the\r\nconstruction of Court buildings, where necessary, improvement in the existing\r\nCourt buildings, providing libraries, furniture and other amenities in the\r\nCourt -premises.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(17) Provision should also be\r\nmade for providing accommodation to the judicial officers especially in\r\nexpensive towns. For this, a ten\u0026#8209;year programme may be drawn up for each\r\nProvince.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIn civil cases, the opinion of\r\nthe 1976 Law Reforms Commission can be summed up as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(A) Delay in depositing the\r\nprocess\u0026#8209;fee and filing of summonses on the defendants could be attributed\r\nto the following factors:\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(i) delay in depositing the\r\nprocess\u0026#8209;fee and filing of the copy of the plaint;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(ii) a general tendency to evade\r\nservice of summonses on the part of those who are required to be served;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(iii) disinclination of the\r\nprocess\u0026#8209;server to proceed to effect service of summonses without taking\r\nthe party desirous of service alongwith him;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(iv) Insistence of the presiding\r\nofficers of the Courts on personal service of the defendants;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(v) lack of proper means of\r\ncommunication in the Courts;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(vi) large number of parties to\r\nbe served in certain kinds of cases;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(vii) appointment of guardian ad\u0026#8209;litem\r\nin case of minor defendants;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(viii) lack of attention paid to\r\nthe service of summonses received from other Courts, and\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(ix) Lack of proper control and\r\nsupervision on the work of the process  server.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eLeaving the fixation of dates for\r\nhearing of cases to the ministerial staff by the presiding officers of the\r\nCourts.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eProduction of evidence by a\r\nplaintiff in all types of cases heard ex parte. And in the contested cases:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(B) (a) Engagement of the\r\npresiding officer in office work and miscellaneous duties leaving less time at\r\nhis disposal to do regular civil work.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(b) Delay in the filing of\r\nwritten statement,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(c) Defective pleadings.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(d) Non\u0026#8209;observance of\r\nprovisions relating to discovery, filing of interrogatories, inspections,\r\nadmissions and denial of documents etc.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(e) Delay in framing of issues\r\nand leaving it to the parties\u0027 counsel.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(f) Non\u0026#8209;observance of the\r\nprovisions of Order XVIII, rule 2 of the Code and lengthy examination and cross\u0026#8209;examination\r\nof witnesses.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(g) Non\u0026#8209;attendance of\r\nwitnesses.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(h) Non\u0026#8209;observance of the\r\nprovisions requiring the hearing of cases from day to day basis.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(i) Frequent adjournments for\r\nhearing of arguments.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(j) lack of proper exercise of\r\ndiscretion in granting adjournments.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(k) Delay in writing and delivering\r\njudgments,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(l) Practice of service of notice\r\non the parties through the agency of process\u0026#8209;servers even during the\r\nhearing of the case.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(m) Stay of proceedings due to\r\npendency of connected matters.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(n) Large number of interlocutory\r\napplications and their disposal by the appellate Courts.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(o) Delay in the execution of\r\ncommission issued for examination of witnesses, local investigation,\r\nexamination of accounts of witnesses, local investigation and making\r\npartitions.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIn paragraphs 11 and 12 of this\r\nChapter the Commission was of the view:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;While it is true that the\r\nprocedural law as contained in the Code is not perfect, it would not be correct\r\nto attribute all delays in litigation entirely to the defects or cumbrousness\r\nof the procedure. The whole object of the procedural law is to bring the\r\ncontending parties together to ascertain their respective cases and the point\r\nor points of law involved and to give them reasonable opportunities of\r\nsubstantiating their respective cases by adducing evidence for or against the\r\nissues arising in the case, so as to ensure a fair trial and proper\r\nadjudication of matters in dispute. The incidental and consequential provisions\r\nin the Code are again designed for the purpose of achieving that objective. The\r\nprovisions for appeal, review and revision are all intended to ensure fair\r\njustice. It is, therefore, inevitable that some time must elapse before matter\r\nin dispute reaches finality under this process.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe principles of natural justice\r\nalso demand that opportunities, as envisaged in the Code, should be given to\r\nthe disputants in order that justice may be done fairly in all cases. It may be\r\npossible to cut down one or more of the remedies available to a party under the\r\nCode, but this will hardly make any difference in the time that must be spent\r\nin bringing the cause to an end.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe Law Reforms Commission also\r\nthought of other factors responsible for efficient disposal of cases. These can\r\nbe summed up as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(1) Recruitment to judicial posts\r\nshould be made in a planned manner so as to maintain the cadre strength to all\r\ntimes and care should be taken to fill up vacancies as soon as they occur.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(2) The cadre strength of the\r\nsubordinate judiciary should be revised and adequate provision should be made for\r\nmaintaining the leave and casualty reserve.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(3) Pay scales of the subordinate\r\njudicial officers should be re\u0026#8209;examined and better conditions of service\r\nshould be provided to make the judicial service attractive.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(4) Vacancies in listed posts\r\nshould be filled well in time by selection of suitable members from amongst the\r\nmembers of the subordinate judiciary.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(5)\r\n.................................\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(6) Civil Courts buildings should\r\nbe renovated and where necessary should be replaced by entirely new buildings.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(7) The old items of furniture\r\nshould be replaced by new ones and the Court\u0026#8209;rooms should be suitably\r\nfurnished to give them tolerably respectable appearance.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(8) Each Civil Court should have a\r\nworking library of its own and the name of the Court should be included in the\r\ndistribution list maintained by the Government Printing Press so that copies of\r\nlaws, rules and regulations and Official Gazettes are supplied to the Court as\r\nsoon as these are printed.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(9) Residential quarters should\r\nbe built in cities and towns as near the Court buildings as possible and these\r\nshould be earmarked for judicial officers. Allotment of these quarters to\r\njudicial officers should be entrusted to the District Judge.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003ePreviously, the S.A. Rehman\r\nCommission of 1958 was of the view:\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(1) A Judicial Service Academy\r\nshould be set up in each Province for the proper training of serving and newly\u0026#8209;recruited\r\njudicial officers.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(2) The Academy should arrange\r\nSeminars and Discussion Groups regarding judicial problems.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(3) The Academy should also\r\ninitiate research in new techniques and appliances for the purpose of promoting\r\nefficiency of judicial administration.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(4) At the conclusion of the\r\ntraining at Academy the trainees should be given some practical field\r\nexperience by being attached to different departments of the district\r\nadministration for a short period.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(5) In order to enable proper\r\nsupervision of subordinate Courts, an organization which may be called\r\n\u0026quot;The Judicial Ombudsman\u0026quot; should be set up in each High Court, to be\r\npresided over by a Judge of the High Court assisted by one or two District and\r\nSessions Judges.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(6) These inspection teams should\r\ncarry out regular and surprise inspections and give on the spot instructions\r\nfor improving the tone of judicial administration.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(7) The Government should, if\r\nnecessary, sanction additional posts for this organization as the existing\r\nstrength of the High Courts and District and Sessions Judges is not enough to\r\nspare officers for this purpose.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIn Chapter 25 of its report the\r\nemphasis of the Commission was on proper legal education. The Commission\r\nrecommended regulations of admission for legal study besides suggesting a three\u0026#8209;year\r\nlegal course. It also asked for the improvement of the system of examinations\r\nfor the Law students and recommended qualifications for full time professors.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e5.1. \u003cb\u003eImpediments in the proper\r\nfunctioning; of the judicature at subordinate level.\u003c/b\u003e\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;As a\r\nmatter of fact not only there is the need for limits on power but there is also\r\na need for equal distribution of advantages between the branches of the\r\nGovernment. This need becomes pressing in view of the bald discriminations\r\nshown to the judicial branch m the matter of working conditions and terms of\r\nservice as compared to their counterparts in the executive branch. The\r\nupgradation of the post of the D.I.\u0026#8209;G. a police officer was a clever move\r\nand recently the Press has reported that the upgradation was done through\r\nconcealment of the fact of the existing vacancies at the relevant time. Anyway,\r\nthis was unjustified and has upset the old\u0026#8209;age balance of power at the\r\nlocal levels. The members of the P.C.S. executive are getting promotions in\r\nGrade 21 in the Provinces but this is correspondingly denied to the members of\r\nthe judiciary whose performance quantitatively and qualitatively is admittedly\r\nbetter in the eye of the general public. It seems that so far the\r\nadministration of justice through Courts from which the teeming millions of\r\nthis country take relief appears to be a low priority of the State. Which\r\nattitude is unaffordable for any modern democratic Islamic State actuated with\r\nthe ambition of service and justice to the people.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e5.2. \u003cb\u003eThe factor of frustration\r\namongst District Judges\u003c/b\u003e.\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;There is an immediate need for the\r\namelioration of the working conditions of the subordinate judiciary. There is a\r\nlot of truth in the statement referred in paragraph 8 of the summary for the\r\nFederal Cabinet dated 21\u0026#8209;10\u0026#8209;1992 which said: \u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;While dealing with the\r\nquestion of trial of cases, it would be unfair not to take note of conditions\r\nin which most of the subordinate Courts function. In order to enable presiding\r\nofficers of these Courts to do their work properly and efficiently, it is\r\nnecessary to give to the rooms occupied by them the look of a law Court. In\r\nmost cases, the rooms are small which during summer months at any rate cause\r\ncongestion and suffocation. Some Courts are held in rooms improvised by closing\r\nparts of verandahs, record rooms, etc. There is hardly any Court which has more\r\nthan three or four broken chairs for the use of the lawyers and litigants, and\r\nin several rooms there is only one electric fan which covers only the presiding\r\nofficer\u0027s table. There being no seating arrangement for litigants, they all huddle\r\nup in the Court rooms.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe Courts are not supplied even\r\nwith proper stationery. It is most creditable for the officers to keep their\r\nheads cool in such trying situation and to do their work. Although we have\r\nprovided several facilities, concessions and privileges to the superior\r\njudiciary, yet reforms in the subordinate judiciary where the litigation\r\noriginates, have more or less been ignored. In this respect, it would be\r\nworthwhile to mention that the post of Additional District and Sessions Judge\r\nis the only office whose emoluments were reduced in 1972. We should therefore\r\nprovide an immediate relief to the members of the subordinate judiciary both on\r\ncivil and criminal sides and at least take care in providing reasonable\r\nfurnished Court rooms as well as residential accommodation. In this respect,\r\nthe Provincial governments which are primarily responsible for administration\r\nof subordinate judiciary should take immediate remedial measures.\u0026quot;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eWhereas, considerable effort was made\r\nfor modernizing of the bureaucratic set up, hardly enough was done for\r\nmodernizing of the judiciary at the senior levels and below. There is not a\r\nsingle computer in any Court. The libraries have hardly enough books.\r\nTypewriters and typing facilities which are essential for speedy disposal are\r\ninsufficiently provided.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIncidentally, it may be mentioned\r\nthat instead of upgrading the posts of the District Judges the previous\r\ngovernments upgraded the posts of the police and thus created an imbalance at\r\nthe local levels. Whereas, Judges are doing much more work compared to their\r\ncounterparts. The Judges of the Speedy Courts who are performing same variety\r\nof work as the Sessions Judges, have been given better grades. There is\r\ntherefore, immediate need for upgradation of the post of a District \u0026amp;\r\nSessions Judge.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eThe imperative need for the\r\nimprovement in the service conditions of the District Judges: \u003c/b\u003e\u0026#8209;The\r\nDistrict \u0026amp; Sessions Judge is the pole star of his division/district. The\r\nreinforcement and strengthening of his position through upgradation and\r\nproviding him with adequate facilities is bound to have an impact which will\r\nboost the system and the desired results will show immediately. The Court of\r\nthe District and Sessions Judge is only a step below the High Court. In several\r\ncriminal matters it enjoys concurrent jurisdiction with the latter. This office\r\nperforms multifarious functions. During pre partition days a very handsome\r\nsalary was paid to the District and Sessions Judge while keeping in view the\r\nIslamic tradition of keeping Judges in a well -off state above the executive,\r\nthe minimum grade for the District and Sessions Judge calls for upgradation.\r\nThis will not cause the exchequer much since the number of persons is not very\r\nlarge. However, this expenditure will bring a tremendous and worthwhile change.\r\nIt will present an incentive for attracting the best on this side of the\r\nGovernment.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e5.3 \u003cb\u003ePoor physical working\r\nconditions\u003c/b\u003e.\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;Our Courts are still anchored in an anachronistic\r\nsystem. Not a single subordinate Court is equipped with a computer. The modern\r\nmethodology of working is unknown here. There is no proper training facility\r\nfor either the Judges or the staff. The research in locating the trends of\r\nlitigation and for developing new methods to confront the situation is not\r\nthere. Thus the procedural clogs are growing and the system is rather getting\r\nfossilized. The libraries of Courts are ill\u0026#8209;equipped. The intellectual\r\nmovements in law are hardly to be seen. Whereas, the members of the executive\r\nhave the advantage of training and modern facilities. They get government\r\nresidences, transport perks, and every other facility even though the pressure\r\nof work they confront is far less as compared to the judicial officers.\r\nFortunately, during the time of the present Hon\u0027ble Chief Justice of the Lahore\r\nHigh Court efforts have been made for building new Courts and residences, but\r\nmany more Courts are without even the basic facilities. Many Courts have been\r\nestablished in the rooms of the Readers of the Courts and even bath\u0026#8209;rooms\r\nof Courts have been converted into Court\u0026#8209;rooms. Whereas a proper Court\u0026#8209;room\r\nis essential for maintaining the dignity of a Qazi. Judges are not provided\r\nwith residences. Only at few places the residences are earmarked for the Judges\r\nwhile at rest of the places the Judges are at the mercy of the executive who\r\nexploit their position in many ways and even look down upon the members of the\r\njudiciary whenever any one of them approaches with an application for\r\nallocation to them of the available accommodation. This causes a serious blow\r\nto the independence of the judiciary.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e5.4 \u003cb\u003eTables:\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#8209;Table\u0026#8209;A\r\nreflects the total pendency of civil and criminal cases and appeals which are\r\npending in the Punjab including Islamabad. Table\u0026#8209;B reflects the following\r\nfacts:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(I) Total and required strength\r\nof the Judicial Officers in Punjab in view of the pendency.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(II) Required and available\r\naccommodation.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(III) Proper Court\u0026#8209;rooms\r\nrequired and available.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:2.0in;text-align:justify;text-indent:\r\n.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eTABLE `A\u0027\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eTOTAL PENDENCY IN THE PUNJAB\r\nINCLUDING ISLAMABAD BEFORE \u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;text-indent:.5in\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003eTHE\r\nSUBORDINATE JUDICIARY\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ctable border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style=\u0027border-collapse:collapse;\r\n border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n \u003ctr\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=369 valign=top style=\u0027width:276.55pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e1.Civil cases (Suits) including\r\n  rent matters and family cases:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=137 valign=top style=\u0027width:102.85pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e2,48,269\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n \u003c/tr\u003e\r\n \u003ctr\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=369 valign=top style=\u0027width:276.55pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e2.Civil appeals including rent\r\n  matters and family appeals:\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=137 valign=top style=\u0027width:102.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e41,850\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n \u003c/tr\u003e\r\n \u003ctr\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=369 valign=top style=\u0027width:276.55pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e3. Criminal cases;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=137 valign=top style=\u0027width:102.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e1,676\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n \u003c/tr\u003e\r\n \u003ctr\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=369 valign=top style=\u0027width:276.55pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e4. Criminal appeals;\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=137 valign=top style=\u0027width:102.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e1,576\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n \u003c/tr\u003e\r\n \u003ctr\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=369 valign=top style=\u0027width:276.55pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e5.Murder cases and other\r\n  Sessions cases\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n  \u003ctd width=137 valign=top style=\u0027width:102.85pt;border-top:none;border-left:\r\n  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext .5pt;border-right:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;\r\n  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt\u0027\u003e\r\n  \u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e3,738\u003c/p\u003e\r\n  \u003c/td\u003e\r\n \u003c/tr\u003e\r\n\u003c/table\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e6.1. \u003cb\u003eDecline in\r\nprofessionalism.\u003c/b\u003e\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;Professionalism is on the decline. There is a\r\nlarge scale induction of the new Advocates without scrutiny and proper examination\r\nfor testing their knowledge, skills and acquaintenance-ship with the basic\r\nprocedures. The training period with a senior is invariably a formality. The\r\nLaw Schools only teach theories without preparing prospective lawyers for\r\nfacing the field situation. The case\u0026#8209;law is hardly discussed in the class\u0026#8209;rooms.\r\nAll this has brought about professional decadence and has endangered the whole\r\njudicial system. This tendency has to be checked alongside with the bringing of\r\nthe procedural reforms. And the Law Commission of Pakistan has to go for a\r\ncrash programme. The Federal Judicial Academy or other Judicial Training\r\ninstitutes will also have to play a role for the modernization of the existing\r\nsystem which is anachronistic and is decaying.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e6.2.\u003cb\u003e Legal education in\r\nPakistan\u003c/b\u003e.\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;Legal education in the Pakistan is now in its worst\r\nshape. There is a mushroom growth of law schools which are being run on\r\ncommercial basis. The skills needed for advocating cases in the Courts keeping\r\nin view the modern requirements are not being taught to law -graduates. The\r\nunacquaintanceship with legal ethics, traditions and methods have brought about\r\na chaos. Empirical method of teaching whereas, introduced in business schools\r\nhas not been introduced anywhere in the country, in a law school. Therefore,\r\nthe law schools are not training prospective lawyers for a successful practice.\r\nEven serious students are getting training only in positive law which is\r\ntotally inadequate. The need therefore, is for the establishment of a school of\r\nhigher legal learning based on an American model.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e6.3. (a)\u003cb\u003e Recruitment policy.\u003c/b\u003e\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;The\r\npresent recruitment policy for induction of man\u0026#8209;power for judicial\r\nofficers calls for a complete review. I am of the view that all inductions from\r\nthe bar for higher judiciary should be made at the level of the Sessions Judges\r\nand elevation be made thereafter from this position. This will bring about\r\nmultiple improvements which inter alia will include: the enhancement in the\r\nstandards of the subordinate judiciary. It will also help in testing the\r\ncapability, integrity and attitudes of the Judges to be elevated to the\r\nsuperior Courts. This will be in keeping with the verticle English system.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e6.3. (b) \u003cb\u003eRecruitment\r\nprocedure.\u003c/b\u003e\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;The procedure and policy of induction of Civil\r\nJudges and Magistrates also call for review. Unfortunately, the poor physical\r\nworking conditions and poor terms and conditions of service provide little\r\nattraction for the right kind of people. Right man for the right job is\r\nessential for any job. If any government wants justice for its people it will\r\nhave to improve the working conditions for the Judicial Officers after laying a\r\nstringent recruitment procedure. There should be an age limit for the P.C.S.\r\nJudicial service and this should be in line with age policy of the Federal\r\nPublic Service Commission. The policy of the induction of the staff of the\r\nCourts also needs review.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e6.4 \u003cb\u003eA focus on the Bar\u003c/b\u003e.\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;The\r\nBar and the Bench are said to be the wheels of the same chariot. Obviously, the\r\nBar has to assist the Bench during adjudication. The Bar also provides\r\nleadership to the nation and helps in the protection of human rights and\r\nvalues. The poor legal education is not turning out Advocates of high standards\r\nand in the right proportion. The Bar Associations in view of its democratic\r\npolicies and elected representations is very liberal in the matter of\r\nmembership. This is a negative point with the result that anybody can easily\r\nobtain the membership of a Bar Association. There is need to advise the Bar for\r\ninduction of people with a proper back ground or training after taking of some\r\nsort of a test. One may in this connection refer to the system of examinations\r\nof the Bar Associations in the U.S.A. There is an urgent need for introducing\r\nthis for checking further decadence.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e6.5 \u003cb\u003eFederal Judicial Academy\u003c/b\u003e.\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;Fortunately,\r\nwe have a Federal Judicial Academy but it will, have to do much more compared\r\nto its present endeavours for meeting the extraordinary situation of recession\r\nin legal intellectuality.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e6.6 \u003cb\u003eTraining for the staff.\u003c/b\u003e\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;I\r\npropose for a training programme for the Court staff. This is badly needed for\r\nup\u0026#8209;to\u0026#8209;dating their knowledge and for the modernization of the\r\nsystem. This is not going to cost too much. The Law College at Lahore can be\r\nassigned this job where a small unit can be established for progressive class\u0026#8209;room\r\ntraining. It can even otherwise be taken up under the aegis of the High Court.\r\nFor which only one class\u0026#8209;room will be required. In\u0026#8209;service training\r\nto the Superintendents is essential in areas like time management of Courts,\r\ncorrespondence procedure rules accounts and budget making etc. Later they may\r\nbe trained in computers after these were available.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e7 \u003cb\u003eIslamabad Courts\u003c/b\u003e.---Islamabad\r\nis the Capital of the country and whereas the Courts here should reflect the\r\ndesire and concern of the government for the administration of justice but the\r\nsituation is otherwise and this is reflected by the extremely poor working\r\nconditions of the Courts. Whereas, there is need for several more Civil Judges\r\nand Magistrates at present there are only three Civil Judges including the\r\nSenior Civil Judge.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe Courts of the District \u0026amp;\r\nSessions Judge, the Additional District \u0026amp; Sessions Judge and the Civil\r\nJudges are situate in a commercial market rather in shops improvised as Courts.\r\nThe budget is in the hands of the Ministry of Finance and is given through the\r\nMinistry of Interior. The extreme paucity of funds can be well\u0026#8209;imagined\r\nby the fact that the entire Court set up does not have a photostat Machine for\r\nsupplying attested copies of judgments to the litigants although they pay fee\r\nwhich goes to the Government. There is no sitting place for the litigants. In a\r\nspace of 389 sq. ft. there are as many as 47 employees huddled up. The offices\r\nin the small space include, those of the Copying Agency where many people\r\nthrong, of Nazarat, Record\u0026#8209;keepers, Ahlmad etc. etc. There is not even a\r\nwater fountain. Although the District \u0026amp; Sessions Judge is performing\r\nmultiple functions. This Court is visited not only by the local but the\r\nforeigners as well. Whereas in view of its position it should in fact, be a\r\nmodel Court in terms of its building and physical working conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e8. \u003cb\u003eThe reforms of 1993\u003c/b\u003e:\r\nThe reforms of 1993 will surely help in the expeditious disposal of cases but\r\none thing which is taken negatively is the amendment in section 115, C.P.C.\r\ntaking away the revisional powers of the District Judge in Civil matters. This\r\ncalls for restoration at the time when the Act is to be passed by the\r\nParliament. Perhaps, the reasons for giving these powers to the District Judges\r\nat the time of 1992 Reforms were not correctly placed before the Hon\u0027ble Law\r\nCommission.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e9. \u003cb\u003eAppointment of Clerks from\r\nfresh Graduates\u003c/b\u003e.\u0026#8209;A Judge is a very busy person. He does need\r\nassistance for research and location of the latest case- law. Not only for\r\nupdating himself but also for using the case\u0026#8209;law for his judgments. In\r\nthe United States Judges can appoint Law\u0026#8209;Clerks who are usually fresh\r\ngraduates. Such a duty is taken happily and people who have worked in that\r\ncapacity with famous Judges find this as a stepping stone in their career. A\r\nproud mention of this appointment is made in the curriculum vitaes. We can\r\nintroduce this institution without even having to spend anything. All fresh\r\ngraduates can be asked as a part of their training to get appointments with the\r\nDistrict Judges, Additional District Judges and the Senior Civil Judges in the\r\nvarious districts for a period of six months for training before being\r\nconsidered for grant of the licence. During this period their duty should be of\r\nlegal research pertaining to the cases before the Judges. This would enable the\r\nfresh graduates to learn about the procedures and the law in the field\r\nsituation. It will also teach them proper mannerism. While the Judicial\r\nofficers will also be benefited. Incidentally, it may be mentioned that the\r\ntraining which is imparted to fresh graduates by senior lawyers is usually\r\ninadequate while the training being mentioned will be qualitatively better for\r\nacquisition of skills needed. A trained lawyer helps in the speedy disposal.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e10. \u003cb\u003eUnfair principle In the\r\nmatter for elevation.\u003c/b\u003e\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;After years of hard work and observance\r\nof high standards of candour and intellectuality a District \u0026amp; Sessions\r\nJudge earns a locus standi for elevation to the High Court which is an\r\nincentive for maintaining a \u0027very\u0026#8209; straightforward life in the most worst\r\nservice conditions. Unfortunately, at the twilight stage of the career, the\r\nuncertainty is always there for his elevation on account of a de facto quota\r\nproblem. This is in the case of the Punjab. In the N.\u0026#8209;W.F.P. there is\r\nmore fairness. De facto quota for elevation is 50% from the Bar and 50% from\r\nthe Bench. Besides most of the District \u0026amp; Sessions Judges are placed there\r\nin higher grades. I wish for a similar situation in the Punjab. This incentive,\r\nof course, will provide a tremendous growth and improvement in this cadre\r\nbesides meeting the ends of justice.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"