"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns:st1=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 10\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 10\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"1989J013_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eDRUGS LAW AND JUSTICE*\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"date\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"State\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n 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\u003c/w:WordDocument\u003e\r\n\u003c/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if !mso]\u003e\u003cobject\r\n classid=\"clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D\" id=ieooui\u003e\u003c/object\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\nst1\\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) }\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n\u003c!--\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal\r\n\t{mso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmargin:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\nspan.SpellE\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"\";\r\n\tmso-spl-e:yes;}\r\nspan.GramE\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"\";\r\n\tmso-gram-e:yes;}\r\n@page Section1\r\n\t{size:8.5in 11.0in;\r\n\tmargin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 10]\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n table.MsoNormalTable\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\";\r\n\tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-style-noshow:yes;\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\r\n\tmso-para-margin:0in;\r\n\tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eDRUGS LAW \u003c/b\u003e\u003cst1:stockticker\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003eAND\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e JUSTICE*\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\nBy\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eMr. Justice Muhammad \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHaleem\u003c/span\u003e, Chief Justice of\r\n\u003c/b\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003ePakistan\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003eMohtarma\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.9pt\u0027\u003e Prime Minister; \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSyed\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003eIftikhar\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHussain\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eGillani\u003c/span\u003e, Minister\u003c/span\u003e for Law, Justice and Parliamentary\r\nAffairs; Distinguished \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.15pt\u0027\u003eJudges\u003c/span\u003e of the\r\nSupreme Court and Chief \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.15pt\u0027\u003eJustice\u003c/span\u003e of the\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAzad\u003c/span\u003e Jammu and Kashmir; Distinguished Chief Justice\r\nFederal \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e Court; Distinguished Chief \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.15pt\u0027\u003eJustices\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n1.3pt\u0027\u003eJudges\u003c/span\u003e of the High Courts and Federal \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.15pt\u0027\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e Court; Mr. Justice \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eNasir\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAslam\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eZahid\u003c/span\u003e,\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.15pt\u0027\u003eSecretary,\u003c/span\u003e Ministry of Law, \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.1pt\u0027\u003eJustice\u003c/span\u003e and Parliamentary Affairs; Mr. \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eAmjad\u003c/span\u003e Ali, Director General of the Federal Judicial\r\nAcademy; Distinguished Participants, Ladies and Gentlemen!\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e* Seminar on\r\n\u0026quot;Drugs, Law and Justice\u0026quot; organized by the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceName\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n  .5pt\u0027\u003eFederal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:\r\n 12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceName\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n  .9pt\u0027\u003eJudicial\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\n mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceType\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n  .5pt\u0027\u003eAcademy\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.8pt\u0027\u003ecollaboration\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:\r\n12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e with the United States Drug Enforcement \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.75pt\u0027\u003eAdministration,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:\r\n12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e held at Holiday \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.75pt\u0027\u003eInn,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;\r\ncolor:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:City\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n  .5pt\u0027\u003eIslamabad\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e, on \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:date\r\nMonth=\"2\" Day=\"9\" Year=\"1989\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:\r\n 12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e9th February, 1989\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:date\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.5pt\u0027\u003e.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIt is a pleasure and an \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003ehonour\u003c/span\u003e for me to welcome the Distinguished Prime Minister\r\nand the participants to \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003ethis\u003c/span\u003e Seminar\r\non \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.25pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;Drugs,\u003c/span\u003e Law and\r\nJustice\u0026quot; which has been organized by the \u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceName\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.15pt\u0027\u003eFederal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e \u003cst1:PlaceName\u003eJudicial\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e\r\n \u003cst1:PlaceType\u003eAcademy\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e in collaboration with the\r\nUnited \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.1pt\u0027\u003eStates\u003c/span\u003e Drug Enforcement\r\nAdministration. I am deeply \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003egrateful\u003c/span\u003e\r\nto the Prime Minister for accepting the invitation to \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n1.1pt\u0027\u003einaugurate\u003c/span\u003e this Seminar. I extend to all my warm and hearty\r\nfelicitations on their participation.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e2. I \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n1.05pt\u0027\u003eappreciate\u003c/span\u003e the initiative of the \u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceName\u003eFederal\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e\r\n \u003cst1:PlaceName\u003eJudicial\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e \u003cst1:PlaceType\u003eAcademy\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\nto conduct \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003ethis\u003c/span\u003e academic exercise of\r\ngreat national and \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003einternational\u003c/span\u003e\r\nsignificance at an \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003eappropriate\u003c/span\u003e time.\r\nThe subject of \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.25pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;Drugs,\u003c/span\u003e Law and\r\nJustice\u0026quot; \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.35pt\u0027\u003eis\u003c/span\u003e assuming great\r\nsignificance both at the national and the international levels and the \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.1pt\u0027\u003estates\u003c/span\u003e in many parts of the world are\r\npaying attention to it in order to attend effectively to the problem of \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.25pt\u0027\u003edrugs\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.15pt\u0027\u003eabuse.\u003c/span\u003e\r\nThis consciousness, I am \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.35pt\u0027\u003esure,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003ewill \u003c/span\u003ebe \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.1pt\u0027\u003einstrumental\u003c/span\u003e\r\nin working out a meaningful solution to the problem \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n1.15pt\u0027\u003ethat\u003c/span\u003e is \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.45pt\u0027\u003every\u003c/span\u003e much\r\nsolicited now in the best \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.1pt\u0027\u003einterests\u003c/span\u003e\r\nof the world community as a whole. \u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nis a party to the Conventions and to the \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.1pt\u0027\u003eefforts\u003c/span\u003e\r\nbeing made for the control of narcotics. In its capacity as associate of the \u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003eU.S.A.\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nin International Narcotics Control Activities, \u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\r\nis guided by the relevant objectives of international cooperation for \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.35pt\u0027\u003edrug\u003c/span\u003e control and \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n1.05pt\u0027\u003eintends\u003c/span\u003e to make full use of \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.45pt\u0027\u003edrug\u003c/span\u003e\r\ncontrol activities with a view to promote the welfare of the humanity.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e3. As you know the term \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.15pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;drug\u0026quot;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n1.25pt\u0027\u003erefers\u003c/span\u003e mainly to \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.2pt\u0027\u003esubstances\u003c/span\u003e\r\nthat affect psychological or \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ebehavioural\u003c/span\u003e functions\r\nand lead to varying \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.25pt\u0027\u003edegrees\u003c/span\u003e of\r\naddiction. Many \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.25pt\u0027\u003edrugs\u003c/span\u003e are\r\npotentially \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.15pt\u0027\u003edangerous\u003c/span\u003e chemicals that\r\ncan cause \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.1pt\u0027\u003eserious,\u003c/span\u003e sometimes fatal,\r\npoisoning, if used \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.1pt\u0027\u003eindiscreetly.\u003c/span\u003e The\r\ngovernments of various \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003ecountries,\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003etherefore,\u003c/span\u003e have established certain legal\r\nrequirements concerning drug use. In \u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003ePakistan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e certain laws such as the Punjab Excise\r\nAct, 1914, The Opium Act, 1878,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nNorth-West Frontier Province Prohibition Act, 1938, the Drugs Act, 1976, and\r\nthe \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSind\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAbkari\u003c/span\u003e Act, 1878,\r\nin addition to \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHudood\u003c/span\u003e Laws pertaining to prohibition,\r\nexist on the statute book for the aforesaid purpose.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e4.\r\nAn in-depth examination of the concept of drug abuse reveals that it refers to\r\nthe consumption of drugs for reasons other than medical treatment or in\r\nquantities that exceed the requirements of such treatment. Habitual and long\r\nterm drug abuse results in physical addiction and dependence. Drug abuse\r\ninterferes with social life and with the performance of individuals in their\r\ngainful employment. The major categories of drugs, commonly identified, are\r\nnarcotics, depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens and alcohol. Narcotic drugs\r\nare so-called because many of them produce narcosis, or deep sleep. The most\r\ncommon are the opiates, which are produced from the opium poppy. The common\r\nopiates are opium \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.85pt\u0027\u003eitself,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e codeine, heroin, and morphine.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e5.\r\nNarcotics as a social problem \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eis\u003c/span\u003e an expression of a\r\ncomplex society. Excessive use of narcotics is a symptom of the breakdown of\r\nthe primary group relationships that can maintain mental and social health. A\r\ncomplex society produces tensions, inhibitions anxieties and aggression in the\r\nindividual which may be temporarily depressed by the use of narcotics. The very\r\ncomplexity of the society renders the control of narcotics very difficult and\r\nadds new forces and motivations for the production and distribution of\r\nnarcotics. Long hours of work, insufficient food, economic insecurity, heavy\r\nwork, bad housing conditions, and ignorance are some of the factors which\r\ncontribute to the excessive use of narcotics. Narcotics addiction is obviously\r\none form of fleeing \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003ereality,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e It is used as a means of relieving the individual\r\nof personal maladjustment. Narcotics as a depressant helps to dim unhappy\r\nmemories, relieves personal tensions and allows the individual to forget\r\ntemporarily some of the inadequacies and frustrations of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.85pt\u0027\u003elife.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e The\r\ninsecurity and self-pity of the isolated person are momentarily dulled by the\r\nsoothing influence of narcotics. Frustrations may give rise to depression,\r\ndreaminess, fear, incapacity, lack of interest and self-incrimination.\r\nNarcotics, therefore, are dangerous means of balancing the personal equation\r\nbetween the personal life of the individual and the social situation.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e6.\r\nThe phenomenon of narcotics addiction reveals several classes of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.15pt\u0027\u003eaddicts\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\r\nand a variety of predisposition circumstances. Narcotic addicts are usually\r\nplaced in five categories: \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.3pt\u0027\u003e(1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e normal individuals who are addicted accidentally through\r\nmedication; \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.2pt\u0027\u003e(2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e people with an unstable personality who seek\r\nexcitement of a new experience; \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.45pt\u0027\u003e(3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003epsyctioneurotics\u003c/span\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.3pt\u0027\u003e(4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\r\npsychopathic personalities, habitual criminals, and sexual \u003c/span\u003eperverts;\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.4pt\u0027\u003e(5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e psychotics, who become addicted as a result of a\r\nserious mental \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003edisorder.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e The sociological conditions that cause drug\r\naddiction may be \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.1pt\u0027\u003epoverty,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e unemployment, poor housing, lack of economic or\r\neducational opportunity and alienation from an affluent culture that is unable\r\nto secure social justice for all its members.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e7.\r\nWhat the epidemiological viewpoint suggests is that law enforcement, treatment\r\nand rehabilitation \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eprogrammes\u003c/span\u003e are vital components of\r\nthe drug use prevention \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003eeffort,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e but they are by themselves insufficient. The two\r\nprincipal approaches to drug abuse treatment are withdrawal and chemotherapy.\r\nThe first involves either the abrupt or gradual termination of drug use; the\r\neventual goal is abstinence. The second seeks to stabilize patients by\r\nmaintaining them on certain drugs or substitutes. Both treatment modalities are\r\nwidely used, with varying degrees of success, and often in association with\r\nother forms of treatment, including psychotherapy, psychological counseling,\r\nvocational training and job placement.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e8.\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eIn view of very harmful and adverse impact of\r\ndrug abuse on society, every nation needs a national strategy for the\r\nprevention of drug abuse and drug trafficking. The national strategies can link\r\nfive major elements in the administration of narcotic control \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eprogrammes\u003c/span\u003e: \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.4pt\u0027\u003e(1)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e international cooperation, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.4pt\u0027\u003e(2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e drug\r\nlaw enforcement, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.3pt\u0027\u003e(3)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e drug abuse addiction and prevention, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.4pt\u0027\u003e(4)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\r\nmedical detoxification and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.55pt\u0027\u003e(5)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e treatment.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e9.\r\nThrough statutory mandates and, delegated legislation, international narcotics\r\ncontrol agencies are made responsible for developing, coordinating, and\r\nimplementing the overall international narcotics control strategies. These\r\nagencies provide \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003eexpertise,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e technical assistance and training to drug law\r\nenforcement officials collecting and sharing international narcotics\r\nintelligence. So far as the developing countries are concerned, a need has been\r\nfelt for area development projects and narcotic awareness \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eprogrammes\u003c/span\u003e.\r\nLegislative sanctions are also considered necessary to motivate the nations to\r\ncurb the cultivation and production of illicit narcotics. The national projects\r\nhave found it useful to establish narcotics enforcement units and to develop\r\nnarcotics eradication plans as a part of international strategy meant to curb\r\nthe international flow of narcotics; to condemn illegal drugs and to take\r\naction to stop the production, transportation and use of such drugs. To achieve\r\nthe above objectives, the nation states are now usefully coordinating drug\r\ncontrol \u003c/span\u003eefforts,\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e diplomatic\r\ninitiatives, and bilateral and multilateral assistance for crop control and\r\ninterdiction overseas, and to encourage extradition treaties with a view to\r\ncurb international trafficking in drugs. As a part of compensatory mechanism, a\r\nworthwhile activity could be to generate \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ealtenative\u003c/span\u003e\r\nsources of income and employment and to improve living standards in narcotics\r\nproducing areas. One of the suggested measures to eradicate drug abuse is a\r\ncrop substitution \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eprogramme\u003c/span\u003e and also research \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eprogramme\u003c/span\u003e on agricultural alternatives to narcotic crops.\r\nIt would, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003etherefore,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e be necessary to diffuse information amongst the\r\ngeneral public of the source countries about the adverse impact of drug\r\nproduction and its abuse, and to provide technical information to health\r\nservice officials on treatment and prevention practices. Extradition treaties in\r\nrespect of narcotic addicts and persons involved in narcotic trafficking can\r\nalso be made.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e10.\r\nIt requires great attention to be paid to a series of socio- cultural factors\r\nin the designing of narcotics control efforts and narcotics control area development\r\ninitiatives that can significantly combat drug abuse and prevent heroin from\r\nillicitly reaching the national borders. This can be implemented only if\r\nstringent measures are adopted by the Federal Government.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e11.\r\nA number of countries are associated with the narcotics control \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eprogrammes\u003c/span\u003e including not only the identification and\r\nelimination of the sources of dangerous \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n1.1pt\u0027\u003edrugs,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e but also compilation of\r\nreliable heroin statistics, and the methods to conduct scientific and reliable\r\ninvestigations.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e12.\r\nDrug abuse is a major national and international problem with adverse social,\r\npolitical and economic impact on producer, transit and consumer nations.\r\nTherefore., considering its relevance to national and international social\r\nsituation, heads of Governments from Canada, Federal Republic of Germany,\r\nFrance, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom and the United States of America agreed at\r\nthe Bonn Economic Summit of Industrialized Countries held in May, 1985, on the\r\nneed for a high priority on narcotic control measures. The drug issue was the\r\nsubject of several regional and international Conferences during 1986. The\r\nUnited Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs has established a framework for\r\ndeveloping a new International Convention on Narcotics \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003eTrafficking.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e13.\r\nWhile much remains to be done in the efforts to curb the cultivation,\r\nproduction, and transport of illicit narcotics, some progress has been made in\r\neradicating marijuana in Brazil, Colombia, and \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eJamacia\u003c/span\u003e;\r\nin developing and testing herbicides for use against coca in Colombia; in\r\nattacking cocaine refining and production facilities in Peru; and in\r\neradicating opium poppy in Burma and Thailand. A United States Agency known as\r\nInternational Narcotics Matters has referred to the joint \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eUnited States\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e - Bolivian operation against cocaine laboratories\r\nand to the expanded \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eUnited States\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e - Mexican opium and marijuana eradication campaign\r\nas examples of recent narcotic control initiatives.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e14.\r\nA comprehensive \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eprogramme\u003c/span\u003e of compulsory treatment of\r\nnarcotic addicts is essential to the protection and promotion of health and\r\nwelfare of the persons concerned as well as to discourage the violation of laws\r\npertaining to the sale, possession and use of narcotics and other dangerous\r\ndrugs. It seems that individuals suffering from mental illness, either before\r\nthe use of drugs, or as a consequence of their use, can be aided by involuntary\r\ncommitment. The issue of voluntary versus involuntary commitment has attracted\r\nthe attention of the law enforcement agencies and the judiciary. The objectives\r\nare to promote the ability of the recovered addicts to make their way into the\r\ngreater society once their treatment has been satisfactorily completed.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e15.\r\nIt is a matter of common knowledge that the Courts by means of purposeful\r\ninterpretation of narcotic control statutes have created tremendous impact on\r\nthe social, economic, and cultural development of the societies. They have\r\ninterpreted and clarified a vast body of statutory law pertaining to narcotics\r\nand in some cases the Courts have supervised the operation of their\r\nrecommendations. The narcotics control statutes are thus the vehicle through\r\nwhich the Courts pronounce their verdicts on major narcotic control issues.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e16.\r\nIn the context of the legal and jurisprudential perspectives, the central idea pertaining\r\nto narcotics control focuses itself on both drug uses and the legal processes\r\ndesignated for its control. The last 100 years have witnessed a considerable\r\nincrease in legal and judicial attention to this \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.9pt\u0027\u003eactivity.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e It has now been\r\nassumed that judicial control of narcotics facilitates the integration of\r\nvarious groups within the society, clearly demarcates the collectively held\r\nvalues of the social \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003eorder,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e and assures stable and patterned interaction among\r\nthe members of society. Judicial control of narcotics is a means of maintaining\r\nsocial order and cohesion as it helps to prevent the movement of drugs from one\r\npart of the country to another and also from foreign sources. It also plays an\r\nequally important role in stopping the distribution and illicit commerce in\r\ndrugs and in assisting governmental officials in preventing illegal drugs from\r\nreaching the community \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003elevel.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e In order to accomplish these goals, the judiciary\r\nfunctions not only as the major information gathering agency, but also as a law\r\nenforcement coordinating organization in a number of countries.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e17.\r\nThe judges have suggested a variety of major types of action in their \u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003eopinions, that\u003c/span\u003e is, legal or informal enforcement, formal\r\neducation of youth and rehabilitation, etc. etc. The judicial approach is thus\r\nfocused upon the complexity of social practices, ideas, \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eorganisations\u003c/span\u003e;\r\ntheir interplay and relationship to the surrounding environment, and their\r\ndevelopment through time, in relation to the uses of narcotics. By 1970, the\r\nconcept of \u0026quot;treatment\u0026quot; dominated the ideas and procedures stemming\r\nfrom the judiciary. The judiciary kept in view the medical, psychiatric, \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003epsychologic\u003c/span\u003e, nursing, social work and various counseling\r\napproaches in formulating its opinions. Thus, by conscious or subconscious\r\ninfluence, the presence of restraining power available to the judiciary, aloof\r\nin the background, but nonetheless always in reserve, can \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003establise\u003c/span\u003e\r\nand \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003erationalise\u003c/span\u003e the statutes pertaining to narcotics,\r\nto infuse it with the glow of principle, and to hold the standard aloft and\r\nvisible for those who seek judicial interpretations of narcotics control. The\r\njudges can give their opinions in this domain with a view to furthering the\r\nsocial welfare.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e18.\r\nBanking on the survey of a majority of countries conducted by the National\r\nInstitute of Drug Abuse at \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:City\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  .7pt\u0027\u003eBaltimore\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.7pt\u0027\u003e (\u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:State\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eMaryland\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:State\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e), Barry S. Brown concluded that many countries\r\nhave some provision \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.2pt\u0027\u003efor\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e the civil commitment of substance abusers. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027color:red;letter-spacing:1.45pt\u0027\u003e[1]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e Grounds for commitment are found either in mental\r\nhealth statutes which emphasize risk to self and to others, or in legislation\r\non drug abusers. Two things appear likely from this survey in relation to civil\r\ncommitment procedures. On the one hand, the national jurisdictions retain or\r\ncreate civil commitment procedures to account for emergent situations that have\r\na capacity to disrupt the normal course of society and for which criminal\r\nprosecution may be seen as \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eeither inappropriate\u003c/span\u003e,\r\nunwarranted or infeasible. At the same time, civil commitment procedures are\r\nemployed with great conservatism, i.e., infrequently and with great \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.85pt\u0027\u003eselectivity.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.7pt\u0027\u003e This is because civil commitment procedures conflict with many\r\nsocieties\u0027 views regarding civil rights and the proper relationship of the\r\nindividual to the State. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red;letter-spacing:1.35pt\u0027\u003e[2]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e19.\r\nIn view of this perspective, a need was felt for a number of conditions to be\r\nmet before civil commitment process could be sufficiently justified to permit\r\nits easy implementation. Among the conditions specified therein could be\r\nwritten policy defining periods of confinement, provision \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.2pt\u0027\u003efor\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\r\nperiodic review of individual\u0027s commitment, and the guarantee of procedural\r\nrights including access to counsel on one\u0027s behalf, to witnesses and to\r\njudicial \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.1pt\u0027\u003ereview.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027color:red;letter-spacing:1.1pt\u0027\u003e[3]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e20.\r\nThe judicial approach takes\u0027 into consideration an argument for research into\r\nthe means of altering individual attitudes, values, and communication abilities\r\nin the direction of increased social empathy, which, in turn, would produce a\r\nmore \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003efavourable\u003c/span\u003e environment for resolving differences\r\nand for facilitating peaceful negotiations between individuals and nations. In\r\ncomparatively more developed countries particularly in U.S.A., there has been a\r\ngeneral acceptance of\u0027 the judicial model in regard to deviance in general and\r\nsubstance use in particular that it can easily be categorized as a judicial\r\nparadigm. The difference and treatment varies slightly with the judicial\r\nsystem. For instance, there is a difference in the approaches of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.35pt\u0027\u003eU.S.A.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e and some other countries. In the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eU.S.A.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e, with some exceptions, aversion therapy for substance\r\nabuse is recommended by the judiciary for the patient. In other contexts, it is\r\noften administered by the security police as part of the campaign against \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;parasites\u0026quot;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.7pt\u0027\u003e and \u0026quot;hooligans\u0026quot;.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e21.\r\nIn some countries, offenders who fail to respond to medical treatment may be\r\nsent to a mental institution. In most nation-states, particularly those in\r\nwhich pluralist groups vie for access to the decision-making positions,\r\nmultiple ideological definitions usually abound. It is accepted that the\r\noperational definitions for policy are constructed, negotiated, and\r\nrenegotiated in both a pluralist democracy and the non-democratic states.\r\nImplementation \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003ediffers,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e according to the restraints imposed by the\r\njudiciary and the degree of its implementation by the various constituencies.\r\nBoth societies, each in its own way, seem to be \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eemphasising\u003c/span\u003e\r\nthe suppression of deviant \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ebehaviour\u003c/span\u003e involving\r\nsubstance abuse.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e22.\r\nAlthough the social science approach holds great promise for developing more\r\neffective responses to narcotic problems, such an orientation might appear to\r\nbe \u0026quot;slow\u0026quot; for those seeking \u0026quot;answers\u0026quot; to narcotic problems.\r\nEffective prevention of narcotic problems has yet to be achieved in many parts\r\nof the world. At least, since the \u003cspan class=GramE\u003ebeginning of the 20th\r\ncentury, there have\u003c/span\u003e been major, \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eprogrammes\u003c/span\u003e and\r\nmovements to do something to ameliorate, control, reduce or eliminate narcotic\r\nproblems. Many of these movements, however, lacked historical awareness. Much\r\nthat the movements were based on considerations of sincerity of purpose, \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eorganisational\u003c/span\u003e talent, technical ability, and high\r\nprestige, results that were expected could not be attained. The problems are\r\nnow increasing in magnitude and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003eseverity.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e23.\r\nBy examining and reviewing narcotic control cases, a modern rationale for\r\njudicial power is being developed and has started to grow in influence. The\r\njudiciary has, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003etherefore,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e come to the forefront as an appropriate\r\n\u0026quot;adapter\u0026quot; of the Constitution.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e24.\r\nI have \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eendeavoured\u003c/span\u003e in all humility to comment on the\r\nnature of the problem and on the ways for the control of drugs through the\r\ninstitutions of law and justice. I have also touched on the various dimensions\r\nrelating to the judicial control of narcotics. I hope that by \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eendeavouring\u003c/span\u003e to suggest mechanisms for the solution of the\r\nproblem of drug abuse, the participants of this Forum would \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003efulfil\u003c/span\u003e\r\nthe urgent need of the present times.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e25.\r\nWith these words, I end my discourse, and hope that the discussion on the topic\r\nwould be stimulating and would make a definite contribution to the enhancement\r\nof knowledge in this \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003efield.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eMadam\r\nPrime Minister, I again thank you for having graced the occasion by your\r\npresence. I also thank the Chief Justices and Judges and the participants who,\r\ndespite their pressing engagements, have come all the way to participate in the\r\ninaugural ceremony.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:2.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-spacerun:yes\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e[1] Barry S. Brown, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n1.1pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;Civil\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;\r\ncolor:red;letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e Commitment-- An \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:\r\n10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003eInternational\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.6pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;\r\ncolor:red;letter-spacing:.75pt\u0027\u003ePerspective\u0026quot;,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.6pt\u0027\u003e The Journal of Drug Issues, Volume 18, No. 4, 1988, p.663.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e[2] Barry S. Brown, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n1.1pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;Civil\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;\r\ncolor:red;letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e Commitment-- An \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:\r\n10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003eInternational\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.6pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;\r\ncolor:red;letter-spacing:.75pt\u0027\u003ePerspective\u0026quot;,\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.6pt\u0027\u003e The Journal of Drug Issues, Volume 18, No. 4, 1988, p.676.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.6pt\u0027\u003e[3] \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:\r\n.95pt\u0027\u003eIbid.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027font-size:10.0pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;color:red;letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003e***\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"