"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns:st1=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 10\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 10\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"1989J004_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eCONSTITUTION AND THE FREEDOM OF RELIGION\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"place\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"country-region\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"City\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"State\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"date\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"stockticker\"/\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003eziaqat\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eziaqat\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e4\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  \u003co:TotalTime\u003e0\u003c/o:TotalTime\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Created\u003e2007-02-05T08:57:00Z\u003c/o:Created\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastSaved\u003e2007-02-05T08:57:00Z\u003c/o:LastSaved\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Pages\u003e1\u003c/o:Pages\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Words\u003e1794\u003c/o:Words\u003e\r\n  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}\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c![endif]--\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n\u003c!--\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal\r\n\t{mso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmargin:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\nspan.GramE\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"\";\r\n\tmso-gram-e:yes;}\r\n@page Section1\r\n\t{size:8.5in 11.0in;\r\n\tmargin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 10]\u003e\r\n\u003cstyle\u003e\r\n /* Style Definitions */\r\n table.MsoNormalTable\r\n\t{mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\";\r\n\tmso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-tstyle-colband-size:0;\r\n\tmso-style-noshow:yes;\r\n\tmso-style-parent:\"\";\r\n\tmso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;\r\n\tmso-para-margin:0in;\r\n\tmso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eCONSTITUTION \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cst1:stockticker\u003e\u003cb\r\n style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eAND\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:stockticker\u003e\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e THE\r\nFREEDOM OF RELIGION\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\r\nBy\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eMr. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eJustice\r\nTanzil-ur-Rehman,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eJudge,\r\nHigh Court of \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\n style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eSind\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nConstitution of Pakistan, 1973, like the two previous Constitutions of 1962 and\r\n1956, guarantees the fundamental rights as enumerated in Part II of the\r\nConstitution. The powers to suspend the operation of Fundamental Rights, which\r\nhave been conferred by Part II of the Constitution, as abovesaid, is\r\nexclusively dependent on the issue of a Proclamation of Emergency by the\r\nPresident of Pakistan under Article 233 of the Constitution requiring the\r\nsecurity of Pakistan or any part of its territory.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e2.\r\nIt is, however, significant to note that the solemnity of one\u0027s right to\r\nprofess and practice his religion stands \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eexcepted\u003c/span\u003e\r\nunder Article 233 of the Constitution and it cannot be suspended even during a\r\nstate of Emergency. Article 233 reads as under\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e:\u0026#8209;\u003c/span\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003e\u0026quot;233. \u003cu\u003ePower to suspend\r\nFundamental Rights during emergency period\u003c/u\u003e.--(1) \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e     \u003c/span\u003eNothing contained in Articles 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 24 shall\r\nwhile a \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eproclamation of Emergency\r\nis in force, restrict the power of the State as defined \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003ein Article 7 to make any law or to take any executive\r\naction which it would, but \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003efor\r\nthe provisions of the said Articles, be competent to make or to take, but any \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003elaw so made shall, to the extent of the\r\nincompetency, cease to have effect, and \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eshall\r\nbe deemed to have been repealed, at the time when the Proclamation is \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e     \u003c/span\u003erevoked or has ceased to be in force.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003e(2) \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003eWhile a Proclamation of Emergency is in force, the President may by\r\norder, \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e           \u003c/span\u003edeclare that the right\r\nto move any Court for the enforcement of such of the \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eFundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II as may be\r\nspecified in the \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eOrder, and any\r\nproceeding in any Court which is for the enforcement, or \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003einvolves the determination of any\r\nquestion as to the infringement, of any of the \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e           \u003c/span\u003erights\r\nso specified, shall remain suspended for the period during which the \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e         \u003c/span\u003eProclamation is in force, and any such\r\nOrder may be made in respect of the \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003ewhole\r\nor any part of Pakistan.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003e(3) \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003eEvery Order made under this Article shall, as soon as may be, be laid\r\nbefore \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003ea joint sitting for\r\napproval and the provisions of clauses (7) and (8) of Article \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003e232 shall apply to such an Order as they\r\napply to a Proclamation of \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003eEmergency.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eA\r\nbare reading of the above Article 233 (alongwith preceding Article 232) will\r\nreveal that while the Constitution gives powers to issue a Proclamation of\r\nEmergency, on account of war or internal disturbances, if the President is\r\nsatisfied that a grave emergency exists in which the security of Pakistan or\r\nany part thereof is threatened by war and external aggression or by internal\r\ndisturbances beyond the power of a Provincial Government to control (as\r\nprovided in Article 232) it confers power on him to suspend the operation of a\r\nnumber of Articles viz. Articles 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 24, during the period\r\nof Emergency. These Articles relate to the freedom of movement, freedom of\r\nassembly, freedom of association, freedom of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.3pt\u0027\u003etrade, business or profession, freedom of speech and protection of\r\nproperty rights but it does not include Article 20 which is concerned with the\r\nfundamental right of a citizen of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003ePakistan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e to profess and practice in accordance with his\r\nreligion and faith, which reads as under\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e:\u0026#8209;\u003c/span\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003e\u0026quot;20. \u003cu\u003eFreedom to profess\r\nreligion and to manage religious institution\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e.\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027text-decoration:none;text-underline:none\u0027\u003e--\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/u\u003e \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003eSubject to law, public order and morality.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003e(a) \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eevery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.3pt\u0027\u003e citizen shall have the right to profess, practise and propagate his \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003ereligion; and\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003e(b) \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eevery\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.3pt\u0027\u003e religious denomination and every sect thereof shall have the right \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e       \u003c/span\u003eto establish, maintain and manage its\r\nreligious institutions.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eWhat\r\nI mean to say is that even in a state of .Emergency when there is a threat of\r\nwar or actual war the people of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003ePakistan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e cannot be deprived of their fundamental right to\r\nprofess and practice in accordance with their religion. So, the freedom of\r\nreligion has been kept at a higher pedestal than the other rights and it cannot\r\nbe interfered with by a misguided Ruler or the Assembly even in the name of\r\n\u0026quot;State of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:State\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eEmergency\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:State\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e3.\r\nArticle 20, in its true perspective, if I may say so, has two aspects; one is\r\nthe right to freedom of belief in a religion and the other is the right of\r\nfreedom to act according to that belief in that religion, inasmuch as the said\r\nArticle provides for guarantee \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.1pt\u0027\u003e(i)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e to profess and (ii) to practise according to one\u0027s\r\nreligion or faith The first aspect as to profess is absolute.. The Holy Qur\u0027an\r\nalso says: (\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=RTL\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=AR-SA dir=RTL\r\nstyle=\u0027font-size:16.0pt;letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan dir=RTL\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026#65275;\u0026#65165;\u0026#65244;\u0026#65198;\u0026#65165;\u0026#65257;\u0026#65236;\u0026#65264;\u0026#65165;\u0026#65248;\u0026#65194;\u0026#65268;\u0026#65253;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\ndir=LTR\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan dir=LTR\u003e\u003c/span\u003e) that\r\nthere is no compulsion in the matter of religion (which one professes). The\r\nsecond aspect, i.e., to practise may, however, be regulated by law without\r\ncompelling a citizen to adhere to or accept a belief in nature other than the\r\none he holds. Let me elaborate it by giving an example. It is the fundamental\r\nright of every Muslim, for example, to perform prayers (Salat). It cannot be\r\nnegatived, in any circumstance, by any law whatsoever. Even a curfew cannot be\r\nimposed in a locality during the timings of Juma prayers resulting in the\r\nrestraining of the Muslims of the locality from performing their Juma prayer in\r\nthe mosque (as Juma\u0027 prayer can only be performed in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.6pt\u0027\u003e(\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan dir=RTL\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=AR-SA\r\ndir=RTL style=\u0027font-size:16.0pt;letter-spacing:1.6pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan dir=RTL\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u0026#65251;\u0026#65204;\u0026#65184;\u0026#65194;\u0026#65165;\u0026#65248;\u0026#65184;\u0026#65166;\u0026#65251;\u0026#65226;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\ndir=LTR\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.6pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan dir=LTR\u003e\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e the Mosque where Juma\u0027 prayer is held) which will\r\nbe a violation\u0027 of Article 20 of the Constitution and commandment of the\r\nAlmighty Allah (See Darwesh M. Arbey v. Federation of Pakistan P L D 1980 Lah.\r\n206 at page 285). But if a Muslim insists on performing his prayers on a road\r\nwhich may affect or disturb the traffic or, for that matter, to take out a\r\nprocession which, according to the belief of a group of individuals, is\r\nreligious in nature, the Legislature may regulate the performance of the Salat\r\nwith regard to traffic rules or the taking out of procession by fixing its\r\nroute. However, if the law, in its leaps and bounds, is multidimensional\r\ninasmuch as it affects the religious beliefs \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003eo\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003er\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eregulates the act in a manner\r\nthat it, in ultimate analysis, affects one\u0027s belief from where the question of\r\nHalal and Haram, valid and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003einvalid,\r\nsprings, it cannot, then, be said that the law merely regulates \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003ean act. That is why, it is not only the religious\r\nbelief which is \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eguaranteed by Article\r\n20 of the Constitution, but the religious practice \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003ein accordance with that belief which is an\r\nessential consevence of it, has also been guaranteed. A law which is\r\ninconsistent with the fundamental rights remains ineffective. Fundamental right\r\nis, in fact, a check on the power of Legislature, and any enactment made in\r\nviolation of that fundamental right is ab negative. When a fundamental right is\r\nin vogue, the Legislature has no power to enact any law in derogation: thereof.\r\nSuch power is, no doubt, made available to Legislature under Articles 232 and\r\n233 of the Constitution in a state of Emergency in the country but no sooner\r\nthe emergency is lifted the enactment would be eclipsed. This power, too, as\r\nstated earlier, does not apply to the fundamental right of professing and\r\npractising one\u0027s religion according to \u003cspan class=GramE\u003ehis own\u003c/span\u003e belief\r\nand faith subject, of course, to law and morality. It, therefore, follows that\r\nif the Legislature by enacting a law either affects or tries to circumvent\r\none\u0027s belief or the liberty to act according to that belief which is imbibed in\r\nhis religion, it would prima facie, amount to denying the fundamental right to\r\nprofess and practice, and to that extent the said law or any provision thereof\r\nmay be declared as null and void by the Courts of Pakistan.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e4.\r\nIt may, however, be stated that the terms \u0026quot;law\u0026quot; and\r\n\u0026quot;morality\u0026quot; used in Article 20, now read with Article 2-A, cannot be\r\ninterpreted in isolation, as purely technical terms. Law and Morality in\r\nPakistan, have to be understood and interpreted in the context of law which is\r\nbased on and has a sanction behind the Book of Allah and Sunnah of His Prophet\r\nMuhammad (s.a.w), Ijma, Consensus (of the jurists of the Ummah) and lastly the\r\nprinciple of Qiyas (analogical deduction); the first two being the primary sources\r\nand the other two being the secondary sources of Islamic Shariah. The term\r\n\u0026quot;morality\u0026quot; as used in Article 20 \u003cspan class=GramE\u003ecan\u003c/span\u003e,\r\ntherefore, only means, in the present context, Islamic morality or the\r\nprinciples of morality which Islam advocates. Therefore, a law having no\r\nfoundation or root in morality, as envisaged by Islam, will not be a proper\r\nguide for coming to correct understanding of the exact scope of the terms\r\n\u0026quot;law and morality\u0026quot; in the aforesaid Article. I may here refer to an\r\ninaugural address of a former Chief Justice of Pakistan, Mr. Justice A.R.\r\nCornelius, one of the most eminent Judges that \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003ePakistan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e has ever produced, delivered by him at the Second\r\nLaw Conference at the S.M. Law College, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:City\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eKarachi\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e on \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:date Month=\"3\" Day=\"11\" Year=\"1965\"\u003e\u003cst1:date\r\n Year=\"19\" Day=\"11\" Month=\"3\" ls=\"trans\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eMarch\r\n  11, 19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:date\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:date\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e on \u0026quot;Law, Fundamental Rights and Religious Conscience\u0026quot;.\r\nHe stated that\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e:\u0026#8209;\u003c/span\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003e\u0026quot;In my personal philosophy, the\r\nforce of religion in the shaping of the laws \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e         \u003c/span\u003eand\r\ntheir due implementation even in the secular field is paramount...We find \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003ethat the legal processes at the highest level\r\nare conducted in the English \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003elanguage,\r\nthat the fundamental rights themselves are borrowed from the \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003eforeign Constitutions and expressed in the\r\nEnglish language and that \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e           \u003c/span\u003epractically\r\nall legal education is imparted in the English language. It is a \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003edevelopment which is not in line with the\r\nrequirements of our Constitution. \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003eWithin\r\nour Constitution there is embodied also the great Objectives \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003eResolution, representing a consensus of\r\nthe best minds that were applied to \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003ethis\r\nvital task in the period immediately following the grant of independence. \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eIn the Objectives Resolution, it is clearly\r\nlaid down for the guidance of \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003esecular\r\naffairs of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  .3pt\u0027\u003ePakistan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.3pt\u0027\u003e, that they should be conducted in the way of \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003edemocracy to ensure equality, tolerance and \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003esocial justice according to the \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003edictates of Islam. The Fundamental Rights\r\nthemselves are the major \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003ecommandments\r\nwhich can lead to the implementation of equality, \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003etolerance and social justice in the democratic mode. The Judge who \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eexponds a Fundamental Right of the\r\nConstitution is expected to draw \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003einspiration\r\nfrom the high sources which are permanently inscribed in \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003ethe words of the Holy Qur\u0027an. Though the\r\nissues pertaining to the \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eapplication of\r\nFundamental Rights arise in the Courts every day in a \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003elarge number of cases, yet very rarely the Court addresses itself to\r\nthe \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003equestion as to how this law should\r\nbe understood with reference to the \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eprinciples\r\nof Islam. \u003cspan class=GramE\u003e(\u003cu\u003eLaw and Judiciary in \u003c/u\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  class=GramE\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003ePakistan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e by Mr. Justice \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.3pt\u0027\u003eA.R.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.7pt\u0027\u003e \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e     \u003c/span\u003eCornelius, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:City\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eLahore\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:City\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e pages 63 and 66).\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eMr.\r\nJustice Muhammad Haleem, the present Chief Justice of Pakistan, in his leading\r\nand a most instructive judgment in Benazir Bhutto \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.35pt\u0027\u003ev.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\r\nFederation of Pakistan P L D 1988 S C 416 discussing \u0027what is morality\u0027 has\r\nstated that:\u0026#8209;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.25pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.25pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003e\u0026quot;The\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.7pt\u0027\u003e Holy Qur\u0027an itself is the guide for eliciting the meaning of the \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eword \u0027morality\u0027. In Ayat 151, Sura Al-Anam\r\n(VI), it is ordained:\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003e(Draw not near to shameful deeds that\r\nwhich be apparent and that \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003ewhich be\r\nconcealed). This being the moral Code, every Muslim is \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003eenjoined to obey \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.95pt\u0027\u003eit.\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e This verse is the touchstone of what is moral and \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e    \u003c/span\u003ewhat is immoral. Necessarily, morality is\r\npart and parcel of Islamic \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003eIdeology of\r\nPakistan and included in the expression \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.95pt\u0027\u003e\u0027Integrity\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e of \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e   \u003c/span\u003ePakistan\u0027. Therefore, not only individually\r\nbut also collectively \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e          \u003c/span\u003eMuslims\r\nhave to live with an exclusively moral framework as enjoined \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003eby the Holy Qur\u0027an and the Sunnah. No\r\ncivilised society can deny this \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e  \u003c/span\u003estandard\r\nof morality. The concept of democracy in our Constitution \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eshould, therefore, be regarded to be imbued\r\nwith individual and \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003ecollective morality\r\nas according to Islam (Holy Qur\u0027an and Sunnah). It \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e        \u003c/span\u003egoes without saying that morality provides the basis for the\r\nsociety\u0027s \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e      \u003c/span\u003espiritual values and in\r\nterms of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:\r\n1\u0027\u003e     \u003c/span\u003eand social justice.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eAlthough\r\nthe above observation has been made in the context of Article \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:1.05pt\u0027\u003e17(2)\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e of\r\nthe Pakistan Constitution, 1973, it will remain a torch-bearer for any\r\ndiscussion of \u0027Morality\u0027 in relation to \u0026quot;Law and Religion\u0026quot; in \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\u003e\u003cst1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\n  style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003ePakistan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003e***\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"