"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 9\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 9\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"./1986J2_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eINTERIM RELIEF IN TAX CASES\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003eKhurram Ashraf\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eSaif\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e4\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  \u003co:TotalTime\u003e104\u003c/o:TotalTime\u003e\r\n  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\\#4\";\r\n\tmargin:0in;\r\n\tmargin-bottom:.0001pt;\r\n\tline-height:10.0pt;\r\n\tmso-pagination:widow-orphan;\r\n\tmso-layout-grid-align:none;\r\n\ttext-autospace:none;\r\n\tfont-size:10.0pt;\r\n\tmso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;\r\n\tfont-family:\"Times New Roman\";\r\n\tmso-fareast-font-family:\"Times New Roman\";}\r\n@page Section1\r\n\t{size:6.35in 841.7pt;\r\n\tmargin:.75in 0in 2.9pt .35in;\r\n\tmso-header-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-footer-margin:.5in;\r\n\tmso-paper-source:0;}\r\ndiv.Section1\r\n\t{page:Section1;}\r\n--\u003e\r\n\u003c/style\u003e\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eINTERIM RELIEF IN TAX CASES\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eBy\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eMANSOOR AHMAD\r\nKHAN,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eSenior\r\nAdvocate, Supreme Court of Pakistan\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eIn answer to a\r\nquestion in a superior Court as to what was his standing, the advocate replied,\r\nthat it was barely 3 years. The Judge, much surprised, said he had seen him for\r\nthe last 40 years and back came the retort that 37 years had been spent in\r\nwaiting for his cases and cooling heels. It is a part of a daily routine to sit\r\nand watch the Court proceedings, of which the bail proceedings attract greater\r\nattention. The lawyers plead for bails, inter alia, in cold\u0026#8209;blooded\r\ncalculated first degree murders, in gruesome dacoities and heinous offences in\r\nkidnapping of minor, in the rapes of even of innocent minor girls and other\r\ndespicable offences against the society. The thought of a bail being granted,\r\nin such appalling circumstance, is repulsive but to the trained mind, there is\r\nroom for consideration for the interim period, during which the alleged\r\noffender is presumed innocent. Even if convicted by the first Court, the\r\nappellate Courts are entitled to and grant the interim reliefs, including\r\nbails. Those charged with such murders, dacoities, kidnappings, rapes and\r\nheinous offences, until or if convicted, in the appellate proceedings are, in\r\nappro priate cases, known to be granted bails. A bail is an interim relief.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e2. While\r\ncriminal cases arouse notice and sympathy, the story of interim relief in civil\r\nand allied matters is as much an essential necessity and has not gone\r\nunnoticed. It is through the medium of equitable relief by ad interim and\r\ninterim injunctions teat such relief is secured. A tenant is liable for\r\nejectment in case of default in the payment of rent. In the ejectment\r\nproceedings and until the final remedy of appeal, he may be given the\r\nprotection through stays by the first to the ultimate Court of appeal. Similarly,\r\nin regard to almost all civil disputes, where it is proved by affidavit or\r\notherwise that any property in dispute is in danger of being wasted, damaged or\r\nalienated by any party to the suit or wrongfully sold in execution of a decree,\r\nor is threatened or intended to be removed or disposed off with a view to\r\ndefraud creditors, in such or similar events, a civil Court is empowered to\r\ngrant \u0026#8209;temporary injunction and to restrain such act or make such other\r\norder for the purpose of staying and preventing the wasting, damaging,\r\nalienation, sale, removal or dispossession of the property as the Court may\r\nthink fit until disposal of the suit or until further orders therein.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e3. Interim\r\nrelief is the core of justice. It is not difficult to realise why. No condemned\r\nperson will be hanged before he has availed his ultimate legal rights of\r\nappeal, hence, the interim relief. No property are allowed to be wasted,\r\nalienated or wrongfully used and similarly no legal rights will be allowed to\r\nbe limited, if they are before a Court and until decided, need protection\r\nduring the interim period. All such interim reliefs are of extreme consequence\r\nand have been pragmatically provided for in all fields, including those which\r\nextend to the civil and criminal jurisdiction.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e4. However, the\r\nquestion of interim relief in the field of revenue has been isolated and made\r\nto stand on a different footing. This is being felt with growing concern\r\nprincipally on two counts. Firstly, the executive hierarchy, being essentially\r\ntax collectors with ingrained denial for interim relief, is the authority to\r\ngrant stay against its own illegal and arbitrary assessments and demands; and\r\nsecondly, in the appellate jurisdictions, either there is no vested power or it\r\nis limited to inefficacy, The first appellate forums are extracted from the\r\nexecutive and are directly sub ordinate to and under the control of the Central\r\nBoard of Revenue and are known to shirk displeasure, making such judicial\r\nproceedings wholly illusory or even diabolic. In the case of Anwar Ali v.\r\nProvince of Sind, Constitutional Petition No. 614 of 1984, the Chief Justice of\r\nthe Sind High Court, dealing with the capital gains tax authorities hearing\r\njudicial appeals, made observation which would be read with interest when he\r\nreferred to the independence in decisions by public functionaries making quasi\u0026#8209;judicial\r\norders but having no option but to give \u0027command performance because he knows\r\nthat by arriving at such conclusions which are different from the conclusions\r\nof the panel, he may be guilty of gross disobedience and thereby exposing\r\nhimself to displeasure of the superior authorities... renders remedies by way\r\nof appeal and revision virtually illusory\u0027.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e5. It may be useful\r\nto recapitulate how a tax demand is raised and what are the subsequent\r\nexecutive and judicial remedies available under the law. Considering this\r\naspect under the Income\u0026#8209;tax Ordinance, 1979, s tax demand is raised with\r\nthe completion of assessment in the ordinary cases, there however, being other\r\ntax liabilities in special cases. In the service of notice of the tax demand, a\r\ndate is given for payment which is the prerogative of the Income\u0026#8209;tax\r\nOfficer. The demand may be stayed by the Inspecting Assistant Commissioner\r\n\u0027till such time as he thinks fit or allow the payment of tux in such instalment\r\nas he may determine\u0027. A similar executive power may be exercised by the\r\nCommissioner of Income tax or the Central Board of Revenue whose instructions\r\nare binding on all income\u0026#8209;tax authorities. The executive thus enjoys and\r\nhas unlimited power for stay and grant of instalments.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e6. Coming to the\r\njudicial forums, the Appellate Assistant Com missioner/the Commissioner\r\n(Appeals) is the first appellate authority before whom, it is specifically\r\nprovided that \u0027no appeal shall lie from any order of assessment unless the tax\r\npayable has been paid\u0027. The second and final appellate authority is the\r\nAppellate Tribunal. Notwithstanding the appeal having been filed before the Tribunal,\r\ntax shall, unless recovery thereof has been stayed by the Tribunal, be payable\r\nin accordance with assessment made in the case with the proviso, however, that\r\nhire recovery of tax has been so stayed, such order of the Tribunal shall cease\r\nto have effect on the expiration of 3 months following the date on which it is\r\nmade.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e7. From the\r\nTribunal or the final appellate authority\u0027s order, a reference is provided to\r\nthe High Court. The reference jurisdiction is merely advisory and, therefore,\r\nnot having, the power to grant an interim relief or stay. The final appeal from\r\nan order in reference lies with the Supreme Court. In the provisions relating\r\nsuch appeal there is no specific provision relating to the powers of the\r\nSupreme Court in the matter of interim relief or stay (which it has under its\r\ninherent and constitutional jurisdiction).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e8. Even in the\r\nconstitutional jurisdiction of the High Court, exercised in the extreme cases\r\nwhere an order, any act done or proceeding taken is impugned as having been done\r\nor taken without lawful authority and a declaration is sought that it is of no\r\nlegal effect, if the matter pertains to revenue and the challenge is to the\r\nlegality of the order proper, even in such cases, sub\u0026#8209;Article (4\u0026#8209;A)\r\nof Article 199 of the\u0026#8209; Constitution lays down that an interim order can\r\nbe granted only after giving notice to the law officer of the Federal\r\nGovernment and such interim relief, as is thereby granted shall, in any case\r\ncease to have effect on the expiration of 6 months following the date on which\r\nit was made.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e9. It will be\r\nseen from the above references to the provisions relating to appellate\r\nauthorities under the Income\u0026#8209;tax Ordinance that while the power to grant\r\nstay is unlimited in so far as the executive authority is concerned, the tax\r\nmust be paid to invoke the powers of the first appellate authority, with no\r\npower to grant stay and even the Tribunal, as the final appellate authority has\r\na maximum power to grant stay of 3 months only, it being well known that the\r\ncase cannot be finalised within the short time limit of 3 months. Such power\r\nhas no more than an eye wash in effect, it is unreal and illusory and contrary\r\nto the trite and oft\u0026#8209;repeated concept that a Court which can and has\r\npower to pass a final judgment has the inherent power to pass all interim and\r\ninterlocutory orders. The provisions are an unnatural thrust on reason and\r\njurisprudential basis of the Courts.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e10. The recount\r\nof the above provisions from the Income\u0026#8209;tax Ordi nance would tend one to\r\nquery whether or not there is some degree of diffidence or a lack of reliance\r\nof a Legislature in the tax appellate authorities, and not in others, or is it\r\na conviction that these appellate authorities do not appreciate and their\r\norders deemed a spoke in the wheel of revenue collection 2 Such thinking also\r\nbetrays tae hustle for recovery of the demands issued under assessments, even\r\nif their legality is not proper and lawfully questioned. It is, perhaps,\r\nrecognized that there is need for stay to be granted but that such power should\r\nbe exercised merely by the executive authorities: The executive authorities\r\nwould seem to have greater confidence of the Legislature in these matters as\r\ncompared to the appellate authorities who enjoy superior jurisdiction to pass a\r\nfinal order which would change, upset or set aside the executive order and is\r\nthus to be given effect. This only creates a paradox. The legislations entrust\r\nthe appellate authority with power to pass a final order but do not trust it\r\nwith an interim. There would thus be a very strong legal objection. \u0027The\r\nauthority having jurisdiction to pass final order should, a fortiorari, have\r\npower to pleas ail interim orders. That is the accepted basis of jurisdiction\r\nof Courts trader civilised procedures of law unless deliberate curbs ore such\r\njurisdiction are intended. Such curbs have, however, been always noted as male\r\nfide and ulterior in their charter and approach for when you create a Court,\r\nhow can you mistrust it? It is the way under martial law regime only.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e11. While the\r\ncitations for illustrations are taken from the Income-tax Ordinance, a part\r\nmateria situation is to be found in all other, taxing and revenue statutes. The\r\nresult is, that the powers in the executive become un controlled and unbridled.\r\nThere is so much arbitrariness, thereby. It has now assumed the proportion of\r\nbang wilful and deliberate and the laws, in their hands, have come to assume\r\nthe meaning and carry effect of their whims and caprices. In particular, those\r\nmaking the assessment know, too well all the pains and suffering which tax\u0026#8209;payers\r\nhave to so through until the final appellate order (there being no interim\r\nrelief m the meantime) to be Good enough to annihilate their victim. Where such\r\npower is not controlled by the superior appellate authorities, as, in the\r\ninstant cases, there is a breeding of high corruption the measure of which was\r\ngiven by the ex\u0026#8209;Finance Minister, presently Minister .for Planning, at\r\nrupees twenty billion. The contribution to such graft and corruption from the\r\nfield of taxes may be cut to half, in their respective places, where appeals\r\nunder the law are heard by appellate forums under the control of the High\r\nCourts or Ministry of Law (as the Income\u0026#8209;tax Appellate Tribunal) and such\r\nappellate forums are allowed their natural powers recognised by the law with\r\nfull scope to pass ad interim, interim and interlocutory orders. It may be\r\nmentioned that appellate authorities do not allow interim reliefs or pass such\r\norders on whims or caprice or on their arbitrary judgment but on the, well\u0026#8209;settled\r\nrules of prima facie case, ex facie legality or illegality, balance of\r\nconvenience or in the alternative, inconvenience, irreparable harm or injury\r\nand equities of the situation. The judicial mind is seen to grasp the facts on\r\nthese principles to warrant or otherwise refuse the grant of ad interim or\r\ninterim relief.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e12. The income\u0026#8209;tax\r\ncases decided by superior Courts are reported in several published reports. The\r\nmajor reports are Income\u0026#8209;tax Reports (I. T. R.) (Indian), (P T D)\r\nPakistan Tax Decisions and Taxation (Tax) (Pakistani). If an exercise is\r\nundertaken to assess the result of the cases as in these reports, it would be\r\nfound that roughly 80% or more cases have been decided in favour of the\r\nassessees. These are enough to be a record of the arbitrariness and\r\nillegalities committed by the assessing authorities. They go further. They\r\nreinforce the submissions made in this article that all the while the assessee,\r\nin the absence of interim relief, was subjected to arbitrary and illegal tax\r\ndemand realised from him. It is time that the Legislature takes a note of this\r\nseries gap in the law and the resultant injury to those who are victims of\r\nvagaries and caprices of graft demanding and arbitrarily assessing authorities\r\ncharged with lawful realisation and nothing else. The suggestion is that down\r\nfrom sub\u0026#8209;Article (4\u0026#8209;A) of Article 199 of the Constitution to all\r\nAppellate Authorities under all the various taxation and revenue laws, the\r\npower of interim relief, at its full, must be expressly provided by the law and\r\nrelevant amendments and changes therein may be brought in the 1986 Budget\r\ntogether with the change in their basis that all appellate forums must be\r\nremoved from being subordinate to or under the control of the Central Board of\r\nRevenue, preferably under the High Courts or the Ministry of Law and from the\r\nreference, jurisdiction of the High Courts be also made appellate. The tax\u0026#8209;payer,\r\nfrom his down\u0026#8209;graded position, may then vie with the murderers, the\r\ndacoits, the rapists and all others charged with heinous offences, in the\r\nmatter of \u0027interim relief.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eFIGHTING POLLUTION IN CHINA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eBy\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eDR. PARVEZ\r\nHASSAN,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eLL. B. (Pb.),\r\nLL. M. (Yale), S. J. D. (Harvard) Advocate,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eLahore High\r\nCourt and Supreme Court of Pakistan\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe world Environment\r\nDay was observed with unusual fervour all over the world this year on 5th June.\r\nMr. Tolba, the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Program,\r\nhad given a call to world leaders to highlight their support for a clean and\r\nhealthy environment for the globe by planting \u0026quot;Trees of Peace\u0026quot;. This\r\nway they would emphasize the increa singly acknowledged inter\u0026#8209;relationship\r\nbetween a healthy environmental eco\u0026#8209;system management and world peace.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe People\u0027s\r\nRepublic of China was one of the many countries that responded to this call.\r\nVice\u0026#8209;Premier Li Peng, Mr. Ye Rutang, Minister of Urban and Rural\r\nReconstruction and Environmental Protection, Madam Kang Ke Qing, Vice\u0026#8209;Chairman,\r\nStanding Committee, National People\u0027s Congress (widow of the C\u0026#8209;in\u0026#8209;C\r\nof the People\u0027s Liberation Army, Zhu De who, with Chairman Mao Tse\u0026#8209;Tung,\r\nled the Cdmmunist Revolution in 1949), and several other top leaders of China\r\nassembled to plant a Tree of Peace in Beijing on 5th June. Invited to this\r\nceremony were representatives from the Untied Nations, UNEP and an ESCAP\r\nEnvironmental Mission. The ESCAP Mission comprised of five environmentalists\r\ndrawn from the Asian and Pacific Region. It was \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma\u0027\u003eled by Dr. Kazi F. Jalal \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nlang=EN-GB\u003eBangladesh), who ably heads the Environment Department of ESCAP, Mr.\r\nPhilip Mathews, Chairman of the Malaysian Forum of Environmental Journalists,\r\nMr. Surin Setamanit, Director of the Institute of Environment Research of\r\nChulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand, Mr. Chatichal Sarkar, a renowned\r\njournalist of India who is the Chairman of the Asian Forum of Environmental\r\nJournalists, and the writers.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eFollowing the\r\nWorld Environmental Day ceremonies in Beijing, the Government of China made\r\nelaborate arrangements for the visits, as state guests, of the ESCAP Mission to\r\nvarious parts of China. Accompanied throughout by our host Ministry officials\r\nand interpreters, we saw first hand the great effort that China has made in\r\nmeeting the legion pollution, pro blems that followed in the wake of its\r\nrelentless efforts to industrialize since 1949. What follows is tree writer\u0027s\r\nassessment of the Chinese experience in environmental protection as reviewed\r\nduring the two weeks visit to Beijing; Loyang, Xian, Shanghai and Guangzhou\r\n(Canton). The visit involved extensive interviews with officials of the Chinese\r\nNational Environ mental Protection Agency, the Environmental Protection Bureaus\r\nof the four major provinces visited, and Directors and workers of major\r\nindustrial plants in the cities visited by us. As the editor of the China Environment\r\nNews, the country\u0027s widely read environmental paper, also accompanied the ESCAP\r\nMission throughout its visit, it was possible to exchange views with him during\r\nfield trips\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThere are\r\nseveral lessor for a developing country like Pakistan in the experience of\r\nChina [For Pakistan\u0027s quest for environmental quality, see, generally, Dr.\r\nPervez Hassan, Pakistan\u0027s Environment Ordinance: Background and Prospects,\r\nDawn, 29th January, 1984. Pakistan\u0027s continuing inaction follow ing the\r\npromulgation of this Ordinance has been reviewed in, Dr. Parvez Hassan,\r\nDisappearing Act, Herald, at 75\u0026#8209;78 (March 1986). See also Dr. Pervez\r\nHassan, Pollution Ordinance it Needs to be made Public, Pakistan Times. 6th\r\nJune, 1982, Dr. Parvez Hussan, War Against Pollution. The Pakistan Times, 7th\r\nJune, 1980.]. This great neighbouring country has found that it is having to\r\npay a very heavy price for its massive surge to modernization through\r\nindustrialization. Some what neglected in the process was the need to control\r\nthe environmental hazards unleashed by industrialization. Its rivers were want\r\nonly pollutes: traditional sources of drinking water and fish life disappeared\r\nin many area. Mercury, chemical wastes and other wastes discharged by factories\r\nentered rivers and through them the food chain of its citizens. The air in some\r\ncities became so contaminated by industrial effluents that it threatened the\r\nhealth and life of its people. The country woke to the seriousness of this\r\nproblem only in recent years. It appears that, like in other countries, the\r\nUnited Nations Conference on Human Environment which was convened in Stockholm\r\nin 1972, was the catalytic event that induced environmental concert: in China.\r\nAnd what China has accomplished since this realization is a. remarkable study of\r\nwhat a resolute determination of a nation can achieve.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eIndustrial\r\ndevelopment without environmental considerations can play havoc with the\r\nquality of life in any society. The United States, for example, initially\r\nignored the integration of environmental considerations in its science and\r\nplanning. The result was that while the population of the U. S. only increased\r\nby 30% during 1950\u0026#8209;70, the increase of sulphur dioxide in the air went up\r\nby 600%, the increase of DDT in water by 1800% .during the same period. The\r\ncontent of other harmful chemicals went up by the same percentages. It is the\r\nrealization of such degradation of its environment that has induced a spirited\r\nenvironmental protection regime in the U. S. A.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eExperience in\r\ncountries\u0026#8209;--Both developed and developing has shown that effective\r\nenvironmental management of their resources depends on the following principal\r\nfactors [See, generally, Dr. Parvez Hassan, Status Report on Environmental\r\nProtection Legislation in the ESCAP Region (ESCAP, 1878).].\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(a) political\r\nwill\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(b)\r\ninstitutional arrangements\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(c) appropriate\r\nlegislation\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(d) public\r\nawareness, and\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(e) availability\r\nof the requisite financial/technological/manpower resources.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe starting point\r\nof all environmental effort is mostly the realization at the level of the State\r\nthat unless its resource utilization is managed on environmentally sound basis,\r\nirreparable harm will result in the quality of life of its future \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nlang=EN-GB style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma\u0027\u003ecitizenry This \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nlang=EN-GB\u003erealization is, generally, followed by the Government innovation or\r\nupgrading its envirnnmental concerns by the creation of Departments,\r\nMinistries, Bureaus or Agencies specifically oriented to environmental\r\nprotection. First, a general environmental statute against pollution and then\r\nspecific legislation in important areas such as water, air, marine and noise\r\npollution follow prescribing, in each case, a nationally\u0026#8209;binding\r\nenvironmental list of do\u0027s and don\u0027ts. The success of the implementation of\r\nthis environmental code depends to a considerable extent on the effective\r\neducation the citizanary\u0026#8209;at all levels  has received towards\r\nunderstanding and protecting its vital environmental rights. And, finally, the\r\nfinancial and managerial resources available or allocated by the State\r\ndetermine whether environmental concerns can be translated into remedial\r\nmeasures through what can sometimes be very expensive treatment plants and\r\nwaste disposal technology.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e            \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eIt is a major\r\nfinding of the ESCAP Environmental Mission that China\u0027s record of environmental\r\npolicies is a most impressive one. This country has demonstrated that it has\r\nthe \u0026quot;political will\u0026quot; to deal with environmental problems that are\r\nincreasingly plaguing its onward march to industrializa tion and modernization.\r\nEqually salutary is China\u0027s evolution of a well\u0026#8209;integrated environmental\r\nprotection institutional framework that virtually spans the whole country. The\r\ncountry has further moved, learning from relevant experiences in other\r\ncountries, to the field of legislation and has \u0026quot;contemporary\u0026quot; and\r\ncomprehensive laws such as on marine and water pollution and is in the process\r\nof finalizing its law on air pollution. The public awareness on environmental\r\nissues being aroused in China is perhaps the country\u0027s greatest achievement and\r\none which is destined to serve it best\u0027 in the long run. It is remarkable that\r\nso much has been done in this field in so little time since the Stockholm\r\nConference in 1972. So, while China has all the ingredients of the first four\r\nprerequisites of environmental protection noted earlier, it is in the fifth\r\nfield that of the requisite financial, technological and manpower resources\r\nthat it lags behind. Here, all the constraints of a developing society are felt\u0026#8209;although\r\nnot in the same degree as some of the less privileged nations in the region\u0026#8209;but\r\nChina\u0027s resolute. political will to maintain a sound ecological balance is\r\nlikely to overcome this hardship.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe following\r\ndiscussion is a back\u0026#8209;drop to these general conclusions\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch2 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eA POLITICAL WILL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eAlthough it was\r\nabundantly noted by our hosts that China is a deve loping Third World country\r\nthat needs to meet the increasing needs of its massive population of over one\r\nbillion by rapid development including thorough industrialization, it was\r\nequally frequently acknowledged that the protection of its environment has now\r\nbecome a major objective in all Government planning at all levels [On similar\r\nperceptions in other countries in the region, See, generally, Dr. Parvez\r\nHassan, Environment and National Planning. The Pakistan Times, 17th November,\r\n1978, and Environmental Protection in the ESCAP Region. The Pakistan Times,\r\n19th May, 1978.]. In his opening remarks at the meeting commemorating the World\r\nEnvironment Day in Beijing on 5th June, 1986, Mr. Ye Rutang, the Chinese\r\nMinister of Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection informed\r\nthe ESCAP Mission that environ mental protection had been given top priority in\r\nthe country\u0027s 7th Five  Year Plan. The Minister identified the following ten\r\nenvironmental problems threatening China: (1) ever worsening desertification,\r\n(2) serious deforestation, (3) extinction of wildlife, (4) rapid growth of\r\npopulation adding greater stress to the environment, (5) decreasing of drinking\r\nwater sources, (6) indiscriminate catching resulting in the destruction of fish\r\nresources, (7) utilization of large amount of pesticides impairing crops and\r\nhuman health; (8) rising of the temperature on the earth (9) development of\r\nacid rain. He added: \u0026quot;If we do not pay adequate attention to these\r\nproblems, we will be punished not only at present, but our future development\r\nwill be hindered and irreversible losses will result. As a matter of fact,\r\nenvironmental pollution and ecological destruction are fairly serious in our\r\ncountry. And in some areas and in certain aspects, the situation is even\r\nworsening. This has become a big contradiction in our modernization\u0026quot;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eSubsequent\r\nmeetings with officials of the National Environmental Protection Agency and of\r\nthe Environment Protection Bureaus in Loyang, Xian, Shanghai and Guangzhou\r\namply highlighted this all pervasive national/provincial state commitment. This\r\npolitical will has, seemingly, percolated down to the industrial units\u0026#8209;or\r\nat least the ones that we visited.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eIn fact, we\r\nnoticed so much attention to environmental protection in the statements of\r\npublic leaders, in the media, on the billboards, and on the TV that it seems to\r\nhave, happily, occupied centre stage at least in China\u0027s urban centres. All\r\nthis is a reflection of the country\u0027s will to stem the rot of environmental\r\ndegradation that was being brought about in its hasty drive to establish and\r\nsustain a strong industrial base in New China. The resultant pollution of its\r\nrivers and related environmental problems all woke the country to the irretrievable\r\ndamage that was being done to the quality of the life of its peoples. From this\r\ntimely realization has emerged an amazingly resolute will to undo the damage.\r\nThis argues well for the people of China.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch2 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eB. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eWhile China\u0027s\r\nenvironmental concerns, generally, are post\u0026#8209;Stockholm 1972 and,\r\ntherefore, recent, it has in a short time established a rather impressive\r\ninstitutional network of environmental protection agencies all over the\r\ncountry. This, again, will well serve its efforts.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eAn Environmental\r\nProtection Commission under the State Council has been established in 1984.\r\nChaired by Vice\u0026#8209;Premier, Li Peng, the Commission meets once a quarter,\r\nmaking major policy decisions on environmental issues.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe National\r\nEnvironmental Protection Agency (NEPA) under the Ministry of Urban and Rural\r\nConstruction and Environmental Protection is the country\u0027s permanent\r\nsecretariat mandated with the task of promoting and protecting China\u0027s\r\nenvironment. It appears that this body sets national guidelines and is thus the\r\npace\u0026#8209;setter of all environmental efforts in the country. NEPA seemingly\r\nenjoys considerable autonomy and can evolve and develop national environmental\r\nstandards. National legislations such as on marine and water pollution were en couraged\r\nby NEPA.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe Ministry of\r\nUrban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection, as the name itself\r\nwould indicate, has integrated environmental protection in the national development\r\nprocess. This is a model that other countries in the region would do well to\r\nemulate. By combining major development sector(s) with environmental protection\r\nin the same Ministry, the traditional conflict between construction/development\r\ndepart ments and environmental protection departments has been avoided.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eBut it is the\r\nremarkable synthesis that has been achieved between federal and provincial\r\nenvironmental efforts that deserves particular commendation. In many countries\r\nin the region, the lines drawn between national and provincial competence in\r\nenvironmental subjects (\u0026quot;federal\u0026quot; or \u0026quot;state\u0026quot; subjects) in\r\ntheir Constitutions are not that clear and this has resulted in some confusion\r\nand friction between the Federal Government and the provinces/states. There is\r\nno such ambiguity in China and the policy announced or developed by the\r\nEnvironmental Protection Commis sion or NEPA seems to be fully supported by the\r\nProvinces.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eWe were also\r\nimpressed by the supportive role of the Provinces. None of the officials of the\r\nProvinces visited raised any questions about the relevance or appropriateness\r\nof the policy or laws announced at the national level from time to time.\r\nConsidering the great size of China and the diversity of its regional problems,\r\nthis was found most remarkable. It reflects the team spirit that has developed\r\namongst the environmental managers all over the country.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eEach Province\r\nvisited by us was found to have fairly large Environ mental Protection Bureaus\r\ngenerally headed by a Director. The Bureaus seemed well\u0026#8209;staffed and\r\ncomprising various disciplines appropriate to environmental protection. We were\r\nimpressed by the motivation of the staff. It was also observed that each Bureau\r\nhad laboratories, research facilities, monitoring stations (stationary and\r\nmobile). These observations apply equally to the Environmental Protection\r\nbureaus of the various cities visited by the Mission. In fact, it was noted\r\nthat the Environment Protection Bureaus of some of the cities in China were\r\nlarger and better \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:Arial\u0027\u003eequipped\r\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003ethan the national Environmental Protection Agencies of\r\nsome countries in the region.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eA rather unique\r\nfeature of the Environment Protection Bureaus of the cities visited\u0026#8209;and\r\nit is believed that this is the general pattern through out China is their\r\n\u0026quot;integration\u0026quot; with the Mayors office in that city. By involving the\r\nMayor\u0027s office in all environmental decisions, the city Bureaus ensure their co\u0026#8209;ordination\r\nwith the overall decision\u0026#8209;making process of that city and by doing so\r\nensure their compliance. The on going interaction between the two offices\r\nseemed mutually beneficial. The Mayor\u0027s office in consulting the Environmental\r\nBureau on its decisions, ensures that such decisions would be environmentally\r\nsustain able. The Environment Bureau, in consulting the Mayor\u0027s office before\r\npresenting environmental standards, ensures that such standards would be\r\nimplemented.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eAn example of\r\nhow the Mayor and the Environment Bureau work in unison was observed in Luyang\r\nThe city Environment Bureau, reacting to complaints about loud music noise from\r\ncertain sources, reviewed this problem with the Mayor\u0027s office and, in\r\nconsultation with him, pro hibited the playing of music on loudspeakers. With\r\nsuch support, the implementation of this regulation would be easier as the Mayor s\r\noffice, unlike the environmental Bureau, would have the ability to enforce the\r\nregulation.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eConversely, the\r\nVice\u0026#8209;Mayor of Loyang outlined his future plans for the city of Loyang.\r\nThese plans with their environmental thrust could well be the plans formulated\r\nby the Environmental Protection Bureau of any city. For Loyang, the future\r\nhope, he said, is in the (i) development of its water quality. (ii) the\r\ndevelopment of central heating through a thermal power plant which will\r\nreduce/minimize existing coal\u0026#8209;powered pollution and (iii) the use of\r\nliquefied coal gas for domestic purposes. The Vice\u0026#8209;Mayor was seeking US $\r\n500 million for these objectives which would serve both development and\r\nenvironmental protection efforts. It is perhaps a routine phenomenon for the\r\nMayors of cities to plan the development of their cities but what we found\r\nsomewhat unusual in China was the integration of environmental considerations\r\nin such planning by city developers. This is the result of the patterned inter\u0026#8209;relationship\r\nbetween the Mayors and the Environmental Protection Bureaus of the same city.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eChina\u0027s\r\ninstitutional network of environmental protection even goes be low the city\r\nlevel. The various \u0027industrial units visited all had environmental protection\r\nbureaus within the factories. The integration of these factory bureaus with\r\ncity administration is accomplished by the representation of the Party\r\nSecretary in each factory. The Party Secretary\u0026#8209;a member of the Communist\r\nParty\u0026#8209;shares leadership of the factory with the Director of the factory.\r\nAs he is responsible for areas impacting on the welfare of the workers, he can\r\ntranslate the environmental policy of the Party at the level of his factory.\r\nThis remarkable ability of the ruling Party \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:Arial\u0027\u003eto \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003ereach\r\nenvironmental protection at the grass\u0026#8209;root level may prove to be the\r\ngreatest strength of the environmental protection effort in China.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch2 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eC. CONSTITUTION AND LEGISLATION\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nlang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027margin-left:.25in;text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nlang=EN-GB\u003e[ The roll of legislation in environmental management has been\r\nreviewed in Dr. Parvez Hassan, Legislation as a Tool for Environmental\r\nManagement P L D 1983 Jour, 126\u0026#8209;33; Pakistan Economist, 17th\u0026#8209;23rd,\r\nOctober, 1981 at 22\u0026#8209;26; also in the Pakistan Times, 6th October, 1981;\r\nView point, 1st October, 1991 at 21\u0026#8209;22 \u0026amp; 32 ; The Management,\r\nNovember, December 1981 at 7\u0026#8209;12.]\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eAlthough China\u0027s\r\nenvironmental awakening is about a decade old, it has already an impressive\r\narray of comprehensive and, more recently, specialized legislation in areas of\r\nenvironmental concern, all flowing from its recognition of the importance of\r\nenvironmental protection in its Constitution.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:Arial\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:Arial\u0027\u003e1. Constitution.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eArticle 11 of\r\nthe Constitution of the People\u0027s Republic of China (1978) stipulates: \u0026quot;The\r\nstate protects the environment and natural resources and prevents and\r\neliminates pollution and other hazards to the public\u0026quot;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThere are more\r\nand even clearer stipulations on the environmental policy in the new\r\nConstitution of 1982, as in Articles 9, 10, 22 and 26. For instance, Article\r\n\u0027t6 stipulates: \u0026quot;The state protects and improves living environment and ecological\r\nenvironment and prevents and eliminates pollution and other hazards to the\r\npublic.\u0026quot; Article 9 stipulates that \u0026quot;the mineral resources, waters,\r\nforests, mountains, grasslands, wastelands, beaches and other natural resources\r\nare the property of the state, as the property of the whole people . . . .\r\n\u0026quot;.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe provisions\r\nin the Chinese Constitution declaring that its natural resources are the\r\nproperty of the whole people are somewhat unusual. Very few other Constitutions\u0026#8209;such\r\nas that of Papua New Guinea----- acknowledge this concept of the use of natural\r\nresources in trust for future generations. But such a concept of user in trust\r\nis essential in optimal resource management. Fortunately, China, at the highest\r\nlevel of its Constitution, has in a way accepted the basic environmental\r\nphilosophy that the global natural resources have not been given to us by our\r\nparents but loaned to us by our children. ,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma\u0027\u003e2. Environmental Protection Law, 1979\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThis Basic Law\r\nwas adopted in principle by the Standing Committee of the Fifth National\r\nPeople\u0027s Congress in 1979. It was the first Environ mental Code for the nation\r\nand has general provisions such as on Protec tion of the natural environment,\r\nprevention of\u0027 pollution and other hazards to the public and the setting up of\r\nthe Environmental Protection office.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e3. Forest Laws\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe forests in\r\nChina [For an overview of forestry matters in the Asian and Pacific Region,\r\nsee, generally, Dr. Parvez Hassan, Institutional and Legislative Framework for\r\nForestry Management in the Escap Region (ESCAP, 1985).] occupy approximately 12\r\nper cent of the total area; tropical forests occupy only 2 per cent of the area\r\nin the tropical zone. This is a result of the extensive deforestation brought\r\nabout by the economic demands for timber, firewood and other forest resources.\r\nThere is a growing realization of the importance of forests. This is amply\r\nreflected in the priority given to this field in the Constitution, laws,\r\npolicies nod institutions of China.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe Forest Law\r\nof the People\u0027s Republic of China has been operating on a trial basis since\r\n1979, and this Law was passed by the seventh session of the Standing Committee\r\nof the Sixth National People\u0027s Congress in September 1984, and entered into\r\nforce as of 1st January, 1985. It lays s legal foundation for forestry\r\ndevelopment. There are indications that the Forest Law seeks to reverse the\r\nearlier trend of deforestation in China. Conservation\u0026#8209;oriented management\r\nrather than merely complying with timber production targets seems to be the new\r\nphilosophy. This national legislated objective is effectively supported by\r\ngovernmental regulations highlighting the importance of trees and forests.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:Arial\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:Arial\u0027\u003e4. Marine Environment Protection Law\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThis was adopted\r\nat the 29th Session of the Standing Committee of the Fifth National People\u0027s\r\nCongress of 23rd August, 1982 and became effective on 1st March, 1983.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThis is a\r\n\u0026quot;contemporary\u0026quot; legislation in every sense. It is comp rehensive and\r\nidentifies and provides against marine pollution from the following main\r\nsources: (i) coastal construction projects, (ii) offshore oil\r\nexploration/exploitation, (iii) land\u0026#8209;based pollution, (iv) vessels, and\r\n(v) dumping of wastes.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eIt establishes\r\nlegal liabilities and entitles an individual who has suffered damage to claim\r\ncompensation from the polluter.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eOil Tankers of\r\n150 tons and other vessels of 400 tons are required to be fitted with anti\u0026#8209;pollution\r\nequipment. Vessels of lesser tonnage are to have special containers for\r\nrecovering residual and waste oils. Oil tankers of 150 tons and other vessels\r\nof 400 tons are to have a Certificate of Insurance for Civil Liability for oil\r\nPollution Damage.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThese\r\nprovisions, if properly implemented, can ensure a healthier marine pollution\r\nfor China. Although we did not visit any site to assess marine pollution, a\r\ncruise on the Huang Pu River in Shanghai near the East China Sea showed laxity\r\nin the implementation of these legislated goals.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eAs much as\r\n200;000 tons of industrial effluents and domestic wastes are emptied daily in\r\nthe Huang Pu River by the chemical, paper/pulp, and textile factories that\r\nproliferate around Shanghai with a population of over 13 million. The impact is\r\nlethal, there has been no fish life in the River for the last 25 years and the\r\nRiver \u0026#8209;\u0026#8209; almost black and emitting a foul stench\u0026#8209;is a\r\npathetic sight. And. this is the state of a River that provides solely the 4.3\r\nmillion tons of water for industrial (80%) and domestic (20%,) requirements for\r\nthe environs of Shanghai. Unfortunately, groundwater utilization has been\r\nabandoned because of land subsidence\u0026#8209;a problem also faced by Bangkok in\r\nThailand which is sinking gradually.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eIt is a major\r\nchallenge before the Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau to clean the\r\nHuang Pu River and it is confident that because of its remedial measures, it\r\nwill attain water quality grade 3 level by 1990 and grade 2 by 2,000 with some\r\nupper reaches of the River even attaining grade 1 by them.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:Arial\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-family:Arial\u0027\u003e5. Water Pollution Protection and Control\r\nLaw\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThis law became effective\r\non 1st November, 1984, having been adopted at the fifth session of the Standing\r\nCommittee of the Sixth National People\u0027s Congress.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eLike the Marine\r\nPollution Law, this too is a \u0026quot;contemporary\u0026quot; statute. It has likely\r\nconsolidated the prior fragmented regulations in this area. This is the most.\r\nimportant environmental legislation in China as the bulk of the pollution in\r\nChina appears to be related to the discharge of wastes and industrial effluents\r\nin the public waters of the country.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eChapter II of this\r\nlaw establishes environmental quality standards and pollution discharge\r\nstandards. Chapter III. deals with supervision and administration of water\r\npollution, prevention and control. Chapter 1V prohibits surface water pollution\r\nand underground water pollution is forbidden in Chapter V.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eIn Chapter III,\r\nArticles 13\u0026#8209;15 deal with the requirement of a prior Environment Impact\r\nAssessment of any project that is likely to discharge any pollutants, of\r\nprojects needing to report their discharges and paying discharge fees\r\ntherefore.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eWe found that\r\nthe requirement of the payment of discharge fees is acting as a credible\r\ndeterrent to water pollution. Industries, to improve their profitability and,\r\nresultantly, the share or bonuses to the workers, strive to avoid the payment\r\nof discharge fees. As a vested right is created in the workers, they\r\nparticipate as important partners in this environmental effort. We were\r\ninformed to Loyang, Xian and Shanghai that a carrot and stick policy is held\r\nout around the Discharge Fees. Existing industries are given a specific period\r\nto eliminate pollutant discharges (usually three years). If they succeed, a\r\nsubstantial portion--\u0026#8209;some times as much as 80% of the Discharge Fee paid\r\nin the past is refunded for use in the Fund drat is ultimately used for the\r\nworkers and the welfare. If the industry does not succeed to achieve the\r\nstipulated environmental target, the Discharge Fee can be doubled after three\r\nyears or, if so decided by the Environmental Protection Bureau. the industrial\r\nunit could be ordered to be closed. The Discharge Fees is an important aspect\r\nof China\u0027s environmental protection effort. It is believed that the National\r\nEnvironmental Protection Agency has a separate Division dealing with Discharge\r\nFees.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eAt the Shanghai\r\nTianyuan Chemical Works, we found that this factory had paid 0.8 Million Yuan\r\nfor Discharge Fee in the preceding year. It was spending another about 40\r\nMillion Yuan every year on its pollution control efforts. This represented over\r\n2 y. of the total annual sales of the Factory of 180 million Yuan. If this\r\npercentage is typical of the other factories in China, it would mean that the\r\ncountry is making a credible effort in pollution control.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eWater pollution\r\nrepresents a major challenge to China\u0027s planners. Let us look at some random\r\nstatistics\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(i) the Loyang\r\nBall Bearing Factory (annual production 27 million ball bearings) discharges\r\n3.45 million tons of water effluents each year;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(ii) the Loyang\r\nNo. 1 Tractor Plant (annual production 15,000 tractors 75 H. P. plus other\r\nitems) discharges 4 to 5 million tons of waste water.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(iii) 200,000\r\ntons of industrial and domestic wastes are being dis charged daily in the Huang\r\nPu River in Shanghai.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe waste waters\r\ndischarged from such and other industries contain harmful chemicals such a\r\nchlorine, hydrochloric acid, chloride foam and mercury. If allowed to be\r\ndischarged untreated in the rivers, such wastes kill or harm fish life, destroy\r\nthe use of the water as drinking water and when used for irrigation purposes,\r\nenter the food chain through con taminated vegetables and crops.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe Water\r\nPollution Law seeks to meet this crisis. It is felt that the Water Pollution\r\nLaw, 1984 represents appropriate legislative goals and that if its provisions\r\nare effectively implemented, the trend in the increase of cite pollution of\r\nChinese rivers and lakes could be reversed. In addition to the provisions on\r\nDischarge Fees, this Law has provisions that, among others, prescribe that\u0026#8209;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(i) no new\r\nproject shall discharge wastes within certain protected zones, .around\r\ndomestic/drinking sources or famous and scenic water spots;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(ii) there shall\r\nbe no discharge of oils acids and high tonic liquid wastes;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(iii) vehicle\r\ncontainers used to store oil or toxic pollutants shall not be cleaned in public\r\nwaters;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(iv) discharge\r\nof industrial wastes, municipal garbage or other wastes shall be regulated; \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(v) prohibit the\r\ndischarge of radio, active wastes.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eAt Loyang, Man\r\nand Shanghai all urban centres\u0026#8209;there was much sensitivity to water\r\npollution and the need to control it. Indeed, measures are being taken in all\r\nthe factories visited by us in this field. It was gathered that the strategy of\r\nthe Government is as follows: \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(1) no new\r\nproject is to be allowed that does not include an in built and appropriate\r\npollution abatement equipments;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(2) existing\r\nprojects are induced to take corrective measures over a period of time through\r\nthe carrot and stick policy of the Discharge Fees.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe urban\r\ncentres may, therefore, have taken a beginning towards controlling water\r\npollution. But what seemed disturbing was the massive industrialization taking\r\nplace in the rural areas where pollution control measures were not being\r\napplied. In fact, it was explained that the impetus to rural industrialization\r\nlay in several factors of which the most important was the\r\n\u0026quot;stringent\u0026quot; pollution control measures in the urban areas.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eRural industries\r\nwere, therefore, born in the ethos of freedom from environmental regulation.\r\nBut they have proliferated. And proliferated to numbers whose aggregate\r\npresents a monstrous dimension. Together, they represent, in our view, the\r\ngreatest threat to China\u0027s environmental efforts.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e6. Air Pollution\r\nLaw \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eWe were informed\r\nthat a comprehensive law on air pollution had been drafted and that it would\r\nlikely be approved by 1987. If this legislation is as comprehensive as the 1982\r\nMarine Pollution Law and the 1984 Water Pollution Law, it would provide an\r\nimportant source of relief to the atmospheric pollution that has already\r\nassumed crisis proportion in some urban centres.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eIn Loyang, it\r\nwas obvious that the massive industrial belt that envelopes it had polluted the\r\nair. The city is covered with a blanket of dust particles.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eBut, the\r\natmosphere having more absorption capacity than public waters, the air seems\r\nless threatened than the waters of China. A major national objective is\r\nlessening air pollution is popularizing coal gas instead of coal and in\r\nintroducing central heating instead of use of stoves and boilers in domestic\r\nuse. It is planned that 80% of the cities will be using central heating by 1990\r\nthus reducing pollution by rampant coal burning.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eHowever, the\r\nchallenge would lie in the appropriate implementation of this law when it is\r\napproved.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e7. Noise\r\nPollution\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eAlthough there is\r\nno specific national legislation in this regard, noise pollution is effectively\r\ntaken care of in China at the level of city regulations. Construction\r\nmachinery, vehicles, trains, factories, loudspeakers, and airports are some of\r\nthe sources that contribute to unbearable noise levels in many urban centres\r\naround the globe. A noise level be; and 80 decibels can impact adversely on\r\nhuman health and it should be the endeavour of every society to reduce noise so\r\nthat people can have a tranquil work and rest environment. This is accomplished\r\nby prohibiting or regulating the use of construction machinery, honking,\r\nloudspeakers or the use of trains and airports after certain hours. Strict\r\ncontrols bar the use of vehicles without silencers and noise abatement equipment\r\nis required in factories.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eChinese cities\r\nensure noise abatement through a series of administrative regulations. The\r\npeople are reminded of its importance by the placing of noise metres on main\r\nroads such as the ones we saw in Loyang and Shanghai. What the noise level is\r\nat that busy part of the city is continuously shown\u0026#8209;day and night by\r\nthese metres. In both these cities, we saw the metres recording noise levels of\r\nbetween 67 70 decibels which is a satisfactory level. From this, it is clear\r\nthat noise pollution is not that serious a problem for Chinese cities and that\r\nby involving the people through noise metres at public places, it is likely\r\nthat this problem will not be allowed to get out of hand as happened in many\r\nwestern cities. ,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch2 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eD. PUBLIC AWARENESS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eOne of the most\r\nimpressive achievements noticed in China was the success in creating a mass\r\npublic awareness of environmental issues. This has been a very committed and\r\ndeliberate policy of the Government which was found has been very successful in\r\nthe manner of its implementa tion. No Government can expect a meaningful\r\nimplementation of its laws or regulatory regime unless it has created an\r\nunderstanding about their objectives among its citizens. For, in the final\r\nanalysis, it is the people who are the best watchdog of their rights. A telling\r\nexample of the impact of the public awareness of environmental issues can be\r\ncited by the reticent attempt to open a tantalum plant in Phuket, Thailand.\r\nThis project was feared to release industrial wastes including toxic chemical\r\nwhich would play havoc with the city\u0027s resort image. As many as 50,000 persons\r\n(enough to fill the Mochi Gate at Lahore) took out a procession against the\r\nplant on Ist June, 1986 and the result was that the Government of Thailand had\r\nto announce the following day that it is satisfied that there would be no\r\nenvironmental damage. This response was apparently not found satisfactory and\r\nthe result was that thousands of angry residents of the resort city surrounded\r\nthe refinery and set it ablaze in the last week of June, 1986. \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eChina has\r\naccomplished its effective public education on environmental issues by frequent\r\nspeeches from the top party leadership, by daily stories on environmental\r\nissues in the Press, television and radio and also in the implementation of the\r\nparty directives at the level of provinces, cities and industrial projects. We\r\nwere informed that there are regular daily broadcasts on China\u0027s Radio stations\r\nextolling the virtues of sound environmental management and criticising\r\ndecisions that have adversely affected the environment of a city or an area.\r\nSimilarly, the television network routinely brings into every Chinese home,\r\nwith immense visual impact the devastation that unchecked industrial pollution\r\nis bringing to human and wide life. Efforts by the municipality to rectify\r\nthese mistakes are given top billing on news presentations routinely.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe newspapers\r\nare also heavily oriented towards environmental protection. The widely read\r\nPeoples Daily with a circulation of over four million has regular stories on\r\nenvironmental matters. As 70% of China\u0027s population is below 35, the Chinese\r\nhave also correctly realised that the most receptive group for seeking\r\nenvironmental quality is the youth of China. The China Youth Daily with a\r\ncirculation of over two million, therefore, covers environment issues in almost\r\nevery issue. Its target group is ages 14\u0026#8209;28 and it patterns its stories\r\naround matters of interest to youth such as wildlife and birds to convey\r\nenvironment themes. The China Environmental News, a bi\u0026#8209;weekly with a\r\ncirculation of over half a million is devoted entirely W environmental problems\r\nbeing faced in China. During our visits to various industrial centres, we found\r\nthat the China Environmental News was widely read in these factories. In fact,\r\nwe found that each large factory had its own environmental newspaper which was\r\nwidely read among its workers. Other newspapers of China such as the Guangming\r\nDaily, the Economic Daily, Workers Daily and Science and Technology all have\r\nregular features and stories on the environment in China.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe result of\r\nthe above efforts has been that environmental concerns have been taken into\r\nevery home in China.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch2 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eE.\r\nFINANCIAL/TECHNOLOGICAL/MANPOWER RESOURCES\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eWhile China\r\nclearly has the political will to fight pollution, we found that the only\r\nconstraint in its commitment is the scarcity of its financial/\r\ntechnological/manpower resources. This is not to say that China does not have\r\nsuch resources at all. Instead it points to the gigantic dimension of the\r\nproblem introduced by a policy of indiscriminate and unplanned\r\nindustrialization which requires an equally titanic response. Here. the future\r\ndevelopment needs of China clearly clash with its environmental priorities. The\r\nenvironmental signals, however, are clear: it seems to be a firm decision of\r\nthe Government that no new projects shall be allowed initially in China unless\r\neach of them has self\u0026#8209;corrective pollution safeguards.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eBut it is the\r\nold plants that haunt Chinas ecological scene. These are presently being dealt\r\nwith through a policy of carrot and stick represented by the system of\r\ndischarge fees. However, it is unlikely that the Chinese Government will\r\nstrictly follow the option of closing down factories that do not find methods\r\nto treat their industrial wastes before discharge. In same cases, the economic\r\nneeds of the country to continue producing perhaps may outweigh environmental\r\nconsiderations.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eAlready, there\r\nhas been a gravitation to the rural areas of industrial project mostly to avoid\r\nthe strict pollution standards of industries in the urban centres. In the\r\nprovince of Shaanxi, for example, as many as 500,000 rural industries have been\r\nestablished. These industries varied from one that required ten workers to\r\noperate them to others that may require as many as 300 workers. These\r\nindustries, with less stringent pollution control standards, resultantly, pose\r\nthe greatest threat to China\u0027s environmental future.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eMost pollutant\r\nindustrial projects are anxious to find solutions to their harmful waste\r\ndischarges. But several indicate that technology has not so far developed to\r\nassist such objectives. For example, it was pointed out in Loyang that the\r\ntextile industries have not been able to treat the colours of dyes in the\r\nmanufacturing process.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe above\r\nhandicaps notwithstanding, China is committing as much of its financial/techno\r\nlogical/manpower resources to solve its environmental problems as is possible\r\nin the context of its overall goals for economic development. This great\r\ncountry undertook 100,000 industrial pollution control projects in its sixth\r\nFive\u0026#8209;Year Plan period (1979\u0026#8209;84) considerably reducing thereby the\r\namount of pollutant discharges.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe Chinese are\r\nproud that during this period the annual increase of gross output value of their\r\nindustry increased by 10.6 % and gross output value of industry increased by 65\r\n% in 1985 as compared with 1980, but the amount of industrial discharge of\r\nwaste water, waste gas and solid waste did not increase. On the contrary, it\r\ndecreased. This is a tremendous progress.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eOther\r\nachievements include the construction of numerous sewage treatment plants of\r\ndeveloping technology to substantially eliminate smoke and dust in use of coal gas,\r\nand of reducing noise levels by 2 to 7 decibels in major cities. All of this is\r\nreviewed by monitoring stations which have been established in more than 800\r\ncountries. There are all together over 1,100 environment\u0026#8209;monitoring\r\nstations in China, an increase of 76% since 1981. Appropriate emphasis is also\r\nbeing laid on environmental research and there are as many as 7,000 persons in\r\nChina today who are engaged in research in this field.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eBecause of these\r\nmeasures, Edgar Snow\u0027s famous Red Star over China is not likely to fade by the\r\npollution hazards of the future.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch2 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eF. LESSONS FOR PAKISTAN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe Chinese\r\nexperience has shown what has also been witnessed in other developed and\r\ndeveloping countries: that indiscriminate developing industrialization can\r\nresult in high environmental cost involving a permanent damage to the natural\r\nresource base of a nation. The lesson to be learnt is that Pakistan must give\r\nimmediate attention to the need to reorient its development around ecological\r\nconsiderations.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eInaction and apathy\r\npoint to the heavy price that we are already paying\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(1) industrial\r\nunits all over Pakistan are wantonly discharging their wastes in public waters\r\nsuch as canals and rivers or even on land. There is to date no requirement of\r\ntreatment of such wastes before discharge. The result is that harmful chemicals\r\nhave polluted out rivers\u0026#8209;which are important sources of drinking water\r\nand irrigation. When discharged on land industrial wastes permanently damage\r\nthe soil\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(2) the\r\npollution from industrial sources, particularly Industrial Estates such as in\r\nKarachi and Kala Shah Kaku and on the Lahore\u0026#8209;Sheikhupura Road, has\r\nalready reached crisis pro portions.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(3) the use of\r\npolluted water for irrigation purposes is most dange rous for human health\r\nbecause chemicals enter the food chain through vegetables and crops that have\r\ngrown with the use of such water or were washed in it before being sent to the\r\nMandis.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(4) the\r\nuncontrolled discharge of untreated domestic and industrial wastes in the\r\ncoastal waters is destroying fish and aquatic life around Karachi. Our\r\nnewspapers are already replete with stories of dead and contaminated fish,\r\ncrabs, shrimp and turtles being found in the marine belt. The Lyari River which\r\ncarries 70% of all industrial effluents of Karachi is a free for all; it takes\r\nevery thing from chemicals and pesticides to organic wastes of all kinds before\r\nemptying them into the Manora Channel. PCSIR studies have established high\u0026#8209;and\r\nharmful  lead, chromium and bicarbonate levels in these discharges. Indications\r\npoint to increasing deterioration in the future.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(5) our forests\r\nhave been denuded to a point where less than 4% of our country is now under\r\nforest cover. This deforestation is already having an adverse ecological effect\r\nincluding rising soil erosion and climatic changes.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(6) dwindling\r\nforests and indiscriminate hunting threaten our wildlife heritage : the houbara\r\nbustard, marco polo, urial, the snow leopard and the Indus dolpbin are only\r\nsome of our threatened wildlife species.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(7) the\r\ndischarge of carbon monoxide and other pollutants by vehicular traffic and\r\nother sources in Karachi is threatening not only the health of the residents of\r\nKarachi but also the beauty of the Quaid\u0027s mausoleum.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(8) pollution is\r\ngradually reducing the nation\u0027s recreational spots.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e(9) unplanned\r\nurban development has allowed the growth of noisy and foul\u0026#8209;smell emitting\r\nfactories in residential areas causing much harm to the quality of life.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe above\r\nrepresents merely the tip of the ice\u0026#8209;berg. So, common place are environmental\r\nhazards that our newspapers are increasingly covering citizens complaints. But\r\nour Government remains unmoved and is almost totally insensitive to this\r\ndegradation.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eThe Bhutto\r\nGovernment had pioneered action in the field by proposing a comprehensive\r\nEnvironmental Protection Ordinance for Pakistan. The proposed Ordinance became\r\na casualty in the event of 1977. A somewhat less ambitious Ordinance\u0026quot; was,\r\nhowever, promulgated in the last days of 1983 but no action has been taken to\r\ndate to implement it.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eEven the\r\nNational Environmental Protection Agency provided in the Ordinance has not been\r\nestablished pointing to a total lack of political will in the present\r\nGovernment in environmental matters. This is \u0026amp; sad state of affairs and one\r\nwhich our children and grandchildren may find difficult to forgive us for.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eLet us learn\r\nfrom the Chinese experience before it is too late. Let us develop the political\r\nwill, institutions, legislation and public awareness which will best guarantee\r\nthat our future decisions and actions are geared to protecting the environment.\r\nEnvironmental awareness can be created through the media as has been most\r\neffectively done in China. The, creation of a national forum of environmental\r\njournalists as has been done in many countries of the region in Pakistan will\r\nparticularly help this effort. Environmental themes should be introduced in the\r\nsyllabi at schools so that we create a future constituency for a sound\r\necological management. And only through a dedicated national commitment and\r\nresolve will we save our environment for our future generations,\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"