"\u003chtml xmlns:o=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office\"\r\nxmlns:w=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word\"\r\nxmlns:st1=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\nxmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40\"\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003chead\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta http-equiv=Content-Type content=\"text/html; charset=windows-1252\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=ProgId content=Word.Document\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Generator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003cmeta name=Originator content=\"Microsoft Word 11\"\u003e\r\n\u003clink rel=File-List href=\"1981J900_files/filelist.xml\"\u003e\r\n\u003ctitle\u003eAPPLICATION OF SHARI\u0027AH IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF\u003c/title\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"PlaceType\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"PlaceName\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"City\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"country-region\"/\u003e\r\n\u003co:SmartTagType namespaceuri=\"urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags\"\r\n name=\"place\"/\u003e\r\n\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e\r\n \u003co:DocumentProperties\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Author\u003eMuhammad Shakil\u003c/o:Author\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Template\u003eNormal\u003c/o:Template\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastAuthor\u003eMuhammad Shakil\u003c/o:LastAuthor\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Revision\u003e2\u003c/o:Revision\u003e\r\n  \u003co:TotalTime\u003e3\u003c/o:TotalTime\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Created\u003e2007-10-27T06:42:00Z\u003c/o:Created\u003e\r\n  \u003co:LastSaved\u003e2007-10-27T06:42:00Z\u003c/o:LastSaved\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Pages\u003e1\u003c/o:Pages\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Words\u003e3742\u003c/o:Words\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Characters\u003e21336\u003c/o:Characters\u003e\r\n  \u003co:Company\u003eOratier Technologies PVt. 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You are not authorized to copy the TEXT...!\")}\r\n}\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nfunction noRightClick()\r\n{if (event.button==2)\r\n{alert(\"The Data is Computerized by Oratier Technologies (Pvt) Ltd.\")}\r\n}\r\ndocument.onmousedown=noRightClick; \r\ndocument.onselectstart=NoSelect;\r\ndocument.onkeydown= Stopit; \r\ndocument.onkeypress = Stopit; \r\ndocument.onkeyup = Stopit; \r\nfunction Stopit()\r\n{alert(\"Copyright (C) 2000  LawOnLine  All Rights Reserved\");\r\nwindow.open (\u0027http://www.pakistanlawsite.com\u0027);} \r\n--\u003e\r\n \r\n \r\n \u003c/script\u003e\r\n \r\n\r\n\u003cbody lang=EN-US style=\u0027tab-interval:.5in\u0027\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cdiv class=Section1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eAPPLICATION OF SHARI\u0027AH IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES OF\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eTHE MUSLIM WORLD\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e[A BRIEF \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eSURVEY ]\u003c/span\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eBy\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eDR. \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.0pt\u0027\u003eTANZIL-UR-RAHMAN\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003eJudge of High Court of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSind\u003c/span\u003e and Chairman Council\r\nof Islamic\u003cbr\u003e\r\nIdeology, Government of \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003e[A paper submitted to the International Seminar on \u0026quot;Islamic Law \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eand its \u003c/span\u003eApplication in the Modern Times\u0026quot;\r\nheld fender the auspices of \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eCentre \u003c/span\u003efor\r\nIslamic Legal Studies, \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAhmadu\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eBello\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003eUniversity, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eZaria\u003c/span\u003e,\r\nNigeria, April 10----13, 1979]\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eFor over 100 years after the\r\ndeath of the Holy Prophet, judgments were passed in strict conformity with the\r\nteachings of the Holy \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQur\u0027an\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSunnah\u003c/span\u003e.\r\nIn cases, where there were no clear directives to be found in the \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eQur\u0027an\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSunnah\u003c/span\u003e, guidance was\r\nsought from \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003ethe \u003c/span\u003everdicts of the \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eFuur\u003c/span\u003e Caliphs and from the traditions of the Companions of the\r\nHoly Prophet, and where this was not possible, \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eIjtihad\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003ewas resorted to.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eBut in the absence of a complied\r\nand consolidated code of law, differences and dissensions were often \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eezacouzatered\u003c/span\u003e in individual opinions and \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003efat-was. \u003c/span\u003eThe\r\nfirst step, taken to rectify this situation, was a\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.9pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003ecommunication, addressed to Caliph Abu \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eJafar\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMansur\u003c/span\u003e by \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIbn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMuqaffa\u003c/span\u003e (died 140 A. H.) who was greatly respected during\r\nthe reign of the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAbbasides\u003c/span\u003e for his vast knowledge. In\r\nhis letter, he stressed the importance of compiling laws to be enforced\r\nthroughout the country. But, due to certain reasons, the suggestion of \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eIbn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMugaffa\u003c/span\u003e\u0027 could not be acted\r\nupon.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIt was, however, in the second\r\nquarter of the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eInd\u003c/span\u003e Century (A. H.) that the\r\nfoundation of the gigantic task of compiling the \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.3pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003efilth \u003c/span\u003ewas laid by Imam Abu \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eHanifah\u003c/span\u003e and his followers. The science \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eof \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003efiqh\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003c/span\u003ethereby received a powerful impetus. By that time, books \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eof \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt\u0027\u003efirth h\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003ead\r\nbegun to appear. \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eBut the immediate consequence of it vas that\r\nthe \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQadis\u003c/span\u003e, instead of taking guidance directly from the\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQur\u0027an\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSunnah\u003c/span\u003e, started\r\nto avail of the books on \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003efiqh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eBesides commentaries, and explanatory notes\r\nthereof; \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ef`votnotes\u003c/span\u003e and critical essays assumed such \u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003ean\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eunendizzg\u003c/span\u003e range \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003etizat\u003c/span\u003e it became very \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ecurabersorne\u003c/span\u003e\r\nfor a \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQadi\u003c/span\u003e to arrive at a correct \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003edescion\u003c/span\u003e\r\nin \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eparticnlar\u003c/span\u003e case. \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:1.5pt\u0027\u003eIt\u003c/span\u003e\r\nwas all the more difficult to f\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003eind \u003c/span\u003eout\r\na specific rule in view of different attitudes \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003etakeb\u003c/span\u003e\r\nanti opinions formed by Imam \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003eand \u003c/span\u003eother jurists on matters in question. And to know what there\r\nwas preferable, and on what point there was consensus of opinion, leas\r\nsomething beyond \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003etl\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e:e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\r\ngrasping power of an average \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQadi\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003eFATAWA ALAMGIRI\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIn 1100 A.H. \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAurangzeb\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAlamgir\u003c/span\u003e, after he h\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003ead be\u003c/span\u003een on the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eBarone\u003c/span\u003e\r\nfor about 4 years, decreed through a Royal \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ePraclamation\u003c/span\u003e\r\nthat \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHanafi\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003efiqh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.9pt\u0027\u003ebe \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eedited and compiled. Consequently, after a\r\nselection of scholars and learned \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan class=GramE\u003emon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\r\nfrom the length and breath of the country a Commission was constituted \u003c/span\u003eunder\r\nthe chairmanship of\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eShaikh\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eNizam\u003c/span\u003e al-Din\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eBurhanpuri\u003c/span\u003e. This\r\nCommission\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n1.75pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003emade\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eextensive\r\nresearch for full eight years and succeeded in compiling four -comprehensive\r\nvolumes dealing with the dictates of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHanafi\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003efigh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eThey\r\ncovered the subjects of Worship and Religious Observances, Matrimonial\r\n.Affairs, Mutual Dealings and Punishments in the light of the teachings of the \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eHanafi\u003c/span\u003e school. \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eTho\u003c/span\u003e compilation is\r\nknown as \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eFatawa\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAlamgiri\u003c/span\u003e\u0026quot; \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eand its translation in Urdu, as \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eFatawa-i-Hindiyah\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eThis\r\nstep taken by \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAurangzeb\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAlamgir\u003c/span\u003e\r\nconstitutes the first orderly effort in the direction of compiling and editing\r\nof the Islamic \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003efigh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e, \u003c/span\u003ewhich succeeded the. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eFatawa\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan class=GramE\u003eTatarkhani\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003e,\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ecompiled first in\r\npoint of time.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  .1pt\u0027\u003eTURKEY\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nsecond regular effort was made in 1869, A. D., when following an Ordinance from\r\nthe Turkish Sultan Abdul \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAziz\u003c/span\u003e a Commission was formed\r\nto frame civil laws. This Commission in eight years time framed the said laws\r\nand named the book \u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eMajallatul-Ahkam-al-Adliyah\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\u0026quot; \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003eembodying the Islamic Civil laws. This book is commonly known as \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMajallah\u003c/span\u003e\u0026quot;.\r\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eIn the beginning of this book there is\r\nan introduction which deals with the principles \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n1.2pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eof \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003efigh\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eand its various .kinds and the legal maxims. The\r\nnumber of these maxims is one hundred. The introduction is followed by 16\r\nChapters, on the different subjects, namely, \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:City\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eSale\u003c/st1:City\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e, .Hire, Security, Bailment, Mortgage,\r\nTrust, Gift, Usurpation, Pre-emption, Partnership, Agency, Composition and \u003c/span\u003eIndemnity,\r\nAcknowledgement, Claim, Evidence and Oaths\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eand\r\nAdministration \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eof Justice.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eThese\r\nlaws consisting of 1851 sections, were codified on modern lines, and were given\r\nthe force of law in the country. It is unfortunate, however, \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003ethaf\u003c/span\u003e after the revolution brought about by \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eKemal\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAtaturk\u003c/span\u003e the .Turkish \u003c/span\u003eGovernment\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003edecided.to\u003c/span\u003e adopt Swiss Laws. These Laws replaced the\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e`\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMajallah\u003c/span\u003e.\u0027 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eThe \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMajaUah\u003c/span\u003e in its modified farm, is however, in \u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003epractice :\u003c/span\u003e in \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eIraq\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e,\r\n\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eSyria\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e \u0026amp; \u003cst1:place\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eJordan\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\nas a .code of law.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eMARRIAGE LAWS\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eBesides\r\nCivil laws, the Turkish Government, in 1917, \u003cspan class=GramE\u003epromulgated ,yet\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eanothor\u003c/span\u003e law to govern marriages and divorces. This\r\nlaw is known as \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt;mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHaquq\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003eal-\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan class=GramE\u003eA`\u003c/span\u003eilah\u003c/span\u003e\u0026quot;. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eAlthough major part of this law was in line with\r\nthe \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eteachyrigs\u003c/span\u003e of the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHanafi\u003c/span\u003e\r\nsect, yet in matters of marriage by force, divorce \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eunder \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ecoeraon\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e and divorce in a state of intoxication etc., the \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003edogtrines\u003c/span\u003e of the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMaliki\u003c/span\u003e sect were\r\nfollowed.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  .1pt\u0027\u003eEGYPT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eAs\r\nregards new movement of State Legislation of Islamic law, \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eEgypt\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e is considered a pioneer on a\r\nwide scale. In \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eEgypt\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e,\r\nthe task of giving proper \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eshape \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eto the Personal Law first began in 1915. To frame\r\nit; a commission was constituted wherein scholars of all the four sects were\r\nrepresented. After a few years\u0027 effort, the Commission brought out a .Draft\r\nrelating to family \u0027 laws of Islam. But when this was published there were\r\nobjections\u0027 hurled on it from all sides. Hence the Egyptian Government\r\nabandoned the idea \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ecil\u003c/span\u003e enforcing it as law,\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\n1920, the Egyptian Government \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eonce again \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eappointed\r\nanother \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eCommission\r\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003econsisting of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShaikh\u003c/span\u003e\r\nal-\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAzhar\u003c/span\u003e, Head of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n2.1pt\u0027\u003eDepartment of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eReligious Affairs\r\nand Mufti of Egypt. This Commission, the same year, presented its\r\nrecommendation to the Government in the form of law Reforms relating to\r\nmatrimonial laws. These recommendations were soon given effect as law. Before\r\nthis law was enacted, in matters relating to Personal Law, the preferred\r\nopinions of Imam Abu \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHanifah\u003c/span\u003e were acted upon under\r\nsection 280 of the Regulation of 1910, \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e. e. the\r\nRegulation of the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eOrganisation\u003c/span\u003e of Religious Courts.\r\nHowever, some changes were introduced in this section under the Act of 1920, so\r\nthat in matters of maintenance, and the power \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.5pt\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ewomen for getting divorce in\r\ncases where the husband\u0027s whereabouts were not known, the opinions \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eof \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eImam \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMalik\u003c/span\u003e and Imam \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eShafi`i\u003c/span\u003e were restored to. Major changes that took place\r\nunder this law were:-\u0026#8209;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e(1)\r\nAccording to \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHanfi\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003efigh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ea wife could not demand any past \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003emaintenance from her husband, except when there was\r\na decree\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003egranted \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eby\r\na Court or where an agreement between the parties existed. But under this law,\r\nin the light of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShafi`i\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eFiqh\u003c/span\u003e,\r\nwife\u0027s maintenance was declared a debt on the husband to be paid by him for the\r\nentire period he had been neglecting or refusing to pay.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e(2}\r\n\u003cspan class=GramE\u003eAnd\u003c/span\u003e, in case the husband was unable to provide maintenance\r\nto his wife the right was given to her to ask for separation. Besides, in the\r\nlight of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMaliki\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003efigh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ewife was given a right to seek divorce from her\r\nhusband in case he was suffering from an incurable disease, or a disease for\r\nwhich a cure was a remote possibility.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e(3)\r\nLikewise, the wife was entitled to seek a divorce if the whereabouts of her\r\nhusband had not been known for 4 years.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThereafter\r\nin 1929, the Egyptian Government promulgated yet another Ordinance under which\r\ndivorce under intoxication, divorce by force and implied divorce were declared\r\nvoid and inoperative. Exceptions were, however, made when an intention to\r\nactually divorce was present on the part of the husband. Also, all divorces,\r\nexcept divorce before intercourse, divorce against compensation, and three\r\ndivorces (which were completed in throe menstrual periods) were declared\r\nreversible. A wife was further entitled to seek dissolution of marriage in\r\ncases where her husband had \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ebcen\u003c/span\u003e without any news for\r\none year or when he had been in prison for three years.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eSeveral\r\nother laws were also enacted regarding paternity of children, maintenance,\r\ndower custody of children etc.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\n1943, the law of inheritance and in 1946 the laws of wills and \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003ewagf\u003c/span\u003e were enacted. In them same provisions were found\r\ndiffering from the teaching of the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHanafi\u003c/span\u003e sect. And\r\ntoday the position is that all matrimonial laws as in force in \u003cst1:place\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eEgypt\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\nare in a codified form. Certain commentaries on these laws have also been\r\nwritten.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eBesides,\r\ntwo other Commissions were set up in 1936 and 1938 again to codify civil laws.\r\nThe last Commission was under the chairmanship of Dr. Abdul \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eRazzaq\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSanhuri\u003c/span\u003e. This Commission made recommendations to the\r\nGovernment after completing its task in 2 years. Now alt that is current in \u003cst1:place\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eEgypt\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e,\r\nin the field of Civil law as \u003cspan class=GramE\u003ewell,\u003c/span\u003e is in accordance\r\nwith laws codified by the Commissions set \u003c/span\u003eup \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003efrom time to time.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  .2pt\u0027\u003eSUDAN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cspan\r\n style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eSudan\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e to a great extent, adopted the several legislative\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eeaactmentc\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eMade\r\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ein its \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eneighbour\u003c/span\u003e\r\ncountry, \u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eEgypt\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e, by number of\r\nCirculars of the Grand \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQadi\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e(Chief Justice) of \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eSudan\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e under an authority so vested\r\nin him. This process was unlike \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eEgypt\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\nand other Arab countries. These laws were enforced by the traditional Islamic\r\nHigh Court of Sudan.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nfirst Circular was issued in 1916, by the Grand \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQadi\u003c/span\u003e\r\nwhich \u003cspan class=GramE\u003ewere\u003c/span\u003e followed by a number of Circulars till 1935\r\non different matters relating to family law, in \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003esupersession\u003c/span\u003e\r\nof those of the then prevalent rules of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHanafi\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003efigh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eA\r\nnumber of other Circulars relating to the law of succession and wills, almost\r\nidentical with the laws in \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eEgypt\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\nwere also issued by the Grand \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQadl\u003c/span\u003e in \u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003e1943,\u003c/span\u003e and 1946 and enforced by the Islamic Courts.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  .1pt\u0027\u003eJORDAN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHasbmi\u003c/span\u003e Kingdom of Jordan was founded in 1947. Article\r\n2 of its Constitution of 1951, proclaims Islam to be its religion. The same year\r\nthe Jordanian legislature codified the Family Law and promulgated it as a new\r\nlaw called \u0026quot;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003eQanun-ul-Huqug-al-A\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e`\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003eila\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\r\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e(the law of Family Rights}, thereby\r\nthe \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003euncodsfied\u003c/span\u003e law enforced till then Lost its\r\ngoverning authority.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  .1pt\u0027\u003eSYRIA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\nSyria \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eM\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003eajjalatul\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAhkam\u003c/span\u003e al-\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAdliyah\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ehas been in force under the name of \u0026quot;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eQanun\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e al-\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMadani\u003c/span\u003e\u0026quot; \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003esince March 18, 1939, \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eHowever\u003c/span\u003e,\r\nprior to this in 1918, due to special circumstances laws were culled from all\r\nthe four creeds and \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003efcr\u003c/span\u003e purposes of \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003ereformaiion\u003c/span\u003e, were promulgated as laws of the land.\r\nAccording to these laws, a marriage could be dissolved where it could be proved\r\nthat a husband was unable to maintain his wife or suffered from \u0027an incurable\r\ndisease, or when the husband\u0027s whereabouts land not been known for four years\r\nunder normal circumstances and for one year, in case of war.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eThereafter,\r\non October 23, 1943, the Syrian Ministry of Justice entrusted Professor \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eTantanawi\u003c/span\u003e with the task of codifying the Personal law,\r\nwhich he presented to the Government in 1948. This was given to a Commission\r\nconsisting of five members, including Professor \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eTantanawi\u003c/span\u003e\r\nhimself This Commission did a second reading of the work done already. \u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003eOn December 26, 1951, another Commission Dame into being.\u003c/span\u003e\r\nThe assignment given to this Commission was to write down explanatory notes to\r\nit. Having completed its task, the Commission presented it to the Ministry of\r\nJustice in the form of a bill, which published it with a view to making it law\r\nof the land. In some respects, however, law-making was alleged to have been not\r\nin consonance with the traditional law, At last, after revising certain\r\nsections, the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ePerscral\u003c/span\u003e Law was enforced on \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eSepteauber\u003c/span\u003e 17, 1952, giving it the name of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e`\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQanun\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eul-Ahwal\u003c/span\u003e Al-\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSlaaklrstyah\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eof Syria.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eUnder\r\nthis law, the age for marriage was fixed as 17 years for girls and I8 years for\r\nboys. But in a case where a girl is 13 years old and a boy of 15, and they want\r\nto get married, the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQadi\u003c/span\u003e can give them the necessary\r\npermission provided their parents have no objection. Another condition is that\r\nboth should be physically fit. The permission of the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQadi\u003c/span\u003e\r\nfor this sort of union is necessary and it is also necessary to produce a\r\nmedical certificate, verifying the age and state of health, of \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eboih\u003c/span\u003e the partners.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eSimilarly\r\nfor entering into a second marriage while the first wife is still alive the\r\npermission of the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQadi\u003c/span\u003e is necessary. But this\r\npermission depends on the financial position of the husband. In matters of\r\ndivorce, the Laws of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003elgypt\u003c/span\u003e were; followed.\r\nAccordingly three divorces or more than three divorces given at the \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003esaaue\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=GramE\u003etisane,\u003c/span\u003e were considered as \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eosaly\u003c/span\u003e one divorce.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eSimilarly, besides divorce\r\nagainst payment of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ecompenaatan\u003c/span\u003e, other divorces were\r\nincluded in the sphere of reversible divorce. Right was given to the wife to\r\nseek separation from her husband on the ground of his inability to maintain\r\nher. This was in accordance with the doctrines of Imam \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShafi`i\u003c/span\u003e\r\nand \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIbn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHanbal\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAs regards paternity of children,\r\ndeparting from the stand taken by \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAbn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eHanifah\u003c/span\u003e that the duration of pregnancy could prolong up to\r\ntwo years, the period was fixed as one year.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIn respect of making of wills\r\nalso, certain changes were introduced.\u003cbr\u003e\r\nFor\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.4pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003einstance, in view of \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMaliki\u003c/span\u003e school, the will in \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003efavour\u003c/span\u003e\r\nof an unborn\u003cbr\u003e\r\na considered as valid. Again, according to the same school if the\u003cbr\u003e\r\nthe name of a person who had killed the person making the\u003cbr\u003e\r\n                                                     .\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eSome changes were \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eatso\u003c/span\u003e introduced even in the law of inheritance. According to\r\nthe \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMaliki\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eschool\u003c/span\u003e, a\r\nmurderer would inherit nothing from the heritage to the murdered person.\r\nLikewise following \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eZaid\u003c/span\u003e b. \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eThabit\u003c/span\u003e\r\nand Abdullah \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIbn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMasud\u003c/span\u003e, a\r\nbrother \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ealongwith\u003c/span\u003e the grandfather was declared as\r\nsharer in the property of the deceased. And inheritance due to pregnancy was\r\nconsidered tenable only where the pregnancy was one year old.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003eMOROCCO\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eThe codification of Family law\r\nwas in demand in \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMoroeco\u003c/span\u003e, keeping pace with the\r\nchanging legal trends in the Muslim-World. Thus in 1957, a Commission was set\r\nup under a Royal \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eIJecree\u003c/span\u003e for drafting a Code of\r\nPersonal Status and Succession. On the basis of a comprehensive draft prepared\r\nby the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eCumrnission\u003c/span\u003e six books of laws were together\r\nconstituted as \u0026quot;the Code of Personal Status\u0026quot;, 1958 \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e(\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMudawanatul-Ahwal\u003c/span\u003e\r\nal-\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShakhsiyah\u003c/span\u003e) \u003c/span\u003edealing with the laws of\r\nmarriage, its dissolution, capacity, representation, bequests and inheritance.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003eTUNISIA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eIn \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eTunisia\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e, the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ecadificatian\u003c/span\u003e\r\nof Personal Law was first started in August, 1956. Under the Tunisian\r\nMatrimonial Law, the ages of the boys and girls for marriage were fixed as 18\r\nand 15 years respectively. At the same time, however, the Court had been given\r\nthe right to permit marriage even before these ages were reached, provided the\r\ntwo parties, or airy one of them, as the case may be, had furnished proof of\r\ntheir puberty. More than one marriage was absolutely prohibited. Second\r\nmarriage during the lifetimes of the first wife was declared an offence,\r\npunishable with \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eimprisanmerr\u003c/span\u003e: extending to 1 year, or\r\nfine up to Fr. 2,500.00 (Equivalent to Pakistani \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eRs\u003c/span\u003e.\r\n7,500, approxi mately) or bath, Under Tunisian- Law it was held imperative on\r\nthe part of a husband to file a suit in a Court of law to exercise his right of\r\ndivorce. The position now is that no divorce is legal unless Court has given a\r\ndecree to that effect. A wife is entitled to divorce if, in war, the\r\nwhereabouts of her husband have remained unknown \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003efora\u003c/span\u003e\r\nperiod of 2 years. But in \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003enormat\u003c/span\u003e circumstances, the\r\ndetermination of period has been left to the discretion of the Judge.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\nTunisian Matrimonial Law, there seems to be a compromise between the \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMaliki\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003efigh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eand the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHanafi\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003efigh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  .2pt\u0027\u003eALGERIA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\n1959, some rules relating to Family Laws were enacted and given the force of\r\nlaw by Algerian Marriage Ordinances which were substantially similar to the\r\ncodified law of \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eMorocco\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  .2pt\u0027\u003eLEBANON\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\n\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eLebanon\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e also the \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e`\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eMajallatul-Ahkam-al-Adliyah\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\u0027 of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003ethe \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003eOttoman Empire\u003c/st1:place\u003e had remained in\r\nforce. But under the influence of the French rule, other laws gradually\r\nreplaced the `\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMajallah\u003c/span\u003e\u0027 and finally on October I1,\r\n1934, a new Civil Law, came \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ernto\u003c/span\u003e force. The draft of\r\nthis Law was prepared by Professor Louis. By virtue of this law, all such\r\nprovisions of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003eMajallah\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eor of the law of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eShariat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eas were against or were not\r\nin line with the new \u003cspan class=GramE\u003elaw,\u003c/span\u003e were abrogated. The result\r\nwas that, except for a few sections of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003e`\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMajallah\u003c/span\u003e\u0027 \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003eall other provisions were repealed. But under protests from the Muslims,\r\nthe Lebanon Government, through an \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eOrdinaacr\u003c/span\u003e,\r\nconstituted a number of Sunni and \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShia\u003c/span\u003e Courts- on\r\nNovember 4, 1942. To these Courts was granted the right to hear cases relating\r\nto marriage, divorce and dower etc. In addition, the right of appeal against\r\nthe decisions of these Courts was taken away from High Courts of Appeal which\r\nwere newly constituted.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nreligious law of \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eLebanon\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\nis based on the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003efigh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eadvocated by \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHanafi\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eJafary\u003c/span\u003e schools of law.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  .2pt\u0027\u003eIRAQ\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\n1959 the Ministry of Justice, \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eIraq\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\napproved a Law called \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003eQanun\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e Al-\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eAhwal-al-Shakhsiyah\u003c/span\u003e. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003eBut it did not contain all the provisions of law relating to Personal\r\nLaw. A major portion of these laws is based on \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShia\u003c/span\u003e\r\ndoctrine and the law that has been prescribed for the Sunnis is what can be\r\nsaid to be an abridged form of the law prepared by \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQadri\u003c/span\u003e\r\nPasha. This part is based on the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003efigh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eof Imam Abu \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eHanifah\u003c/span\u003e.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  .2pt\u0027\u003eIRAN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eAfter\r\nthe Constitutional Revolution, \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMuzaflar\u003c/span\u003e-al-Din Shah \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eQachat\u003c/span\u003e announced the formation of a Constitutional\r\nGovernment in \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eIran\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\nin 1906. The Iranian cabinet approved its own Constitution. The National\r\nParliament, after \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eRaza\u003c/span\u003e Shah \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ePahlvi\u003c/span\u003e\r\ncame into power, took to law-making, keeping in view the various trends of the\r\ntime. \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eVarious laws, Civil, Criminal.\u003c/span\u003e Industrial and \u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003eCommercial\u003c/span\u003e were duly framed, but mostly based on French law.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\n1931, _Iranian Parliament enacted \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQanun\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eIzdiwaj\u003c/span\u003e (Marriage-law). A few additions were made to this\r\nlaw by two other enactments \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eenfareed\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003ein \u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e1937\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eand 1938. But in\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003e1967 the Iranian\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eParliament\r\nenacted a new law\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ecalled \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQanun\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eHimayat\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eKhanwada\u003c/span\u003e\u0026quot; \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003e(Family Protection law), which principally regulates and controls divorce\r\nand polygamy.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  .2pt\u0027\u003eSINGAPORE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eAlthough\r\n\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eSingapore\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e is not a \u003cst1:place\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:PlaceName w:st=\"on\"\u003eMuslim\u003c/st1:PlaceName\u003e \u003cst1:PlaceType w:st=\"on\"\u003eState\u003c/st1:PlaceType\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e,\r\nthere also, steps were taken in this direction. On August 30, .1957, a Muslim\r\nOrdinance was promulgated, under which Religious Courts were set up. The\u0027 right\r\nto register divorces was given to these Courts. Under .Muslim Marriages and \u003c/span\u003eDivorces\r\nRules of 1959, \u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eit was made clear\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ethat,\r\nafter an\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eagreement was\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003ereached, \u003c/span\u003ethe two parties\r\nconcerned would file an affidavit and affix their signatures in the Divorce\r\nRegister. In a case where there was a dispute in giving a divorce, \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e. \u003c/span\u003ee. in case wife\r\nwas demanding a separation, to the Religious Courts to pass sedate Board \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003ewase\u003c/span\u003e set up to heard appeals permitted to appear and an App\r\nagainst the judgment of these .Courts. The members of this Board were necessarily\r\nMuslims,\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  -.7pt\u0027\u003eINDONESIA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAlthough the substantive law\r\nrelating to Muslim Family relations was not subjected to State-legislation in \u003cst1:place\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eIndonesia\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e,\r\nyet a number of Regula tions were issued during 1946-55 by the Ministry of\r\nReligious affairs to regulate certain family matters e. g. Marriage, divorce\r\nand revocation of divorce.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  -.7pt\u0027\u003eCEYLON\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003eAs early as 1906, a \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eCodo\u003c/span\u003e of Islamic law was \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ecvmpilal\u003c/span\u003e\r\nand made applicable to the Muslims in \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003eCeylon\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e under the title\u0027 \u0026quot;\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eMuhammadah\u003c/span\u003e Code\u0026quot;. The Code remained in force in its \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003ecntirety\u003c/span\u003e Muslim Marriage and Divorce provisions were\r\nrepealed and replaced by Registration Ordinance\u0026quot;, which remained in force\r\ntill 1955, when the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act took its place. This .Act\r\ncontinues in force, as amended in 1954, till today.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003eINDO-PAK SUB-CONTINENT\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003eAfter\r\ntaking over the rule \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ein \u003c/span\u003e\u003cst1:place\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003eIndia\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e, when the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eBritishers\u003c/span\u003e\r\nrevived the judicial system in the country they announced through an Ordinance\r\nthat the Indians would be free to \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003epractise\u003c/span\u003e their own\r\nbeliefs .relating to marriage, inheritance, wills\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e,.\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003eetc\u003c/span\u003e. Nevertheless, in harmony with the changing times,\r\nrestrictions were imposed on the marriages. \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eof\u003c/span\u003e minors\r\nthrough Children\u0027s Marriages Restraint Act, 1929. Besides, the Dissolution of\r\nMuslim \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eMarriage \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003eAct was passed \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003ein \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e1939. Under this Act, a\r\nnumber of grounds were formulated conceding the right of a Muslim woman to seek\r\nseparation due to any reason recognized by Islamic \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eLaw. \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003eThis\r\nAct was declared as binding on all Muslims, irrespective of the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003efact \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003ethat\r\nthey -were subject to different beliefs and creeds. The most important aspect\r\nof this Act was the right of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ea \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003ewoman, in accordance with the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMalikt\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003ejrgh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003eto\r\nseek \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003edivflrce\u003c/span\u003e in case the whereabouts of her husband\r\nwere not \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eknown \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003efor years.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region\r\n w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n  -.7pt\u0027\u003ePAKISTAN\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\u003cb\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003eAfter\r\nthe inception of \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e,\r\nthe Government of this country set \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eup \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003ea Commission in August 1955, comprising of 7\r\nmembers, for study \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eaad\u003c/span\u003e report on Family Laws. \u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003eunder\u003c/span\u003e the Chairmanship of Dr. \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eKhalifs\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eShuja-ud-Din\u003c/span\u003e. Due to his sudden death, the then Chief\r\nJustice of \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003ePakistan\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e\r\nMr. Abdul Rashid was nominated as its \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eChairmaa\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003eon \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003eOctober\r\n27, 1955. This Commission was successful in presenting its Report to the\r\nGovernment in June, 1956, which was then published in the Gazette of June 30,\r\n1956. In view of very strong criticism on the part of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e`\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eUlama\u003c/span\u003e\u0027,\r\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003ethe Report could not be given \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003ea \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.7pt\u0027\u003ekgal\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e shape for quite a\r\nlong time. \u003cspan class=GramE\u003eMeanwhile on.\u003c/span\u003e October 8, 1958, when a \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.85pt\u0027\u003ebloodless revolution came in, the Constitutional\r\nGovernment was brought to an \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003eend and\r\nMartial Law was imposed \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.7pt\u0027\u003ein \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003ethe country. On July 15, 1961, at he \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.85pt\u0027\u003e...persistent\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n-.7pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.85pt\u0027\u003edemand\u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003e:by\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.85pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003eall\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.85pt\u0027\u003ePakistan \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003eWnmen\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.85pt\u0027\u003e\u0027\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003es\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.5pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.85pt\u0027\u003eAssociation, President Muhammad \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003eAyub\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003e Khan- promulgated .the Family Laws Ordinance \u003c/span\u003ein\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003ethe \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003elight\r\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003eof the recommendations made \u003c/span\u003eby\r\n\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:-.7pt\u0027\u003ethe Commission. Under the \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eOrdinancx\u003c/span\u003e, to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eregister\r\na marriage was held obligatory. It was also incumbent on the part of the\r\nhusband that, to enter into a second marriage, he must get permission of the\r\nproper authority appointed by the Government and to state if first wife\u0027s\r\nconsent has been obtained.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\nthe law of inheritance, the right of a grandson and granddaughter, whose father\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eer\u003c/span\u003e mother had died during the lifetime of his or her\r\ngrandfather or grandmother, to get a share from his grandfather\u0027s or\r\ngrandmother\u0027s Legacy was \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003erecognised\u003c/span\u003e, so that now they\r\ncould have a share equal to that of their father or mother, as the \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003erase\u003c/span\u003e may be. So far as dower was concerned, it was made\r\nclear that in cases where no details as to the mode of payment were mentioned\r\nin the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003eNika\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:\r\nitalic\u0027\u003e/r \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eNama\u003c/span\u003e, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.2pt\u0027\u003ethe whole of dower should be payable on demand.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\n1962, the then Government of West Pakistan repealed the Customary Law of the\r\nPunjab in the matter of wills and inheritance which gave the women of that\r\nprovince the right to inherit immovable property, including the agricultural\r\nland, as \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eprovid,;d\u003c/span\u003e by the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSari\u0027ah\u003c/span\u003e\r\nwhich for centuries was denied to them under the Customary Law.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eDuring\r\n1973-77, several laws relating to prohibition of liquors, and the\r\nanti-prostitution and anti-smuggling were also promulgated, but the greatest\r\nstep in the field of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eimplementatian\u003c/span\u003e of \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eShari\u0027ah\u003c/span\u003e, is the enforcement of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eHadd\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003epunishments against the offences of theft\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e{\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003esarqah\u003c/span\u003e), \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:\r\n.1pt\u0027\u003erobbey\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e(\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eharabah\u003c/span\u003e), \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt\u0027\u003eadultery\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e(\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003ezina\u003c/span\u003e)\r\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eand false accusation of adultery \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e{\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003egadhaf\u003c/span\u003e),\r\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003esince 12th of \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eRabiul\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAwwal\u003c/span\u003e 1399 A. H. 10th of February, 1979.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eIn\r\naddition thereto, the Superior Courts of Pakistan have been empowered to strike\r\ndown any provision of law barring fiscal, Revenue, Procedural and Muslim\r\nPersonal Law, if found repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam, as laid down in\r\nthe Holy \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eQur\u0027an\u003c/span\u003e and the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eSunnah\u003c/span\u003e.\r\nFor this purpose, special jurisdiction has been conferred on \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eShari\u0027at\u003c/span\u003e Benches \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eeonstitutzd\u003c/span\u003e by a\r\n\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eCorstitutional\u003c/span\u003e Order of the President, on 12th of \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eRabiul\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eAwwal\u003c/span\u003e 1399 A. H\u003cspan\r\nclass=GramE\u003e./\u003c/span\u003e 10th February, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e1979.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eBesides\r\na Presidential Order relating to imposition and recovery of \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eZakat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eand \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e`\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eUshr\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eby the State has been promulgated which is to be\r\nenforced with effect from July and October, 1979, respectively. In the \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eZakat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eOrder, a departure has been made from \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eHanafi\u003c/span\u003e law inasmuch as it also imposes \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eZakat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eon the properties of miners and lunatics, in \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eaccardance\u003c/span\u003e with the \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eMaliki\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eShafi`i\u003c/span\u003e law.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nIslamic Council of Pakistan is also presently engaged in codifying certain\r\npenal laws of Islam relating to \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eQisas\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e, \u003cspan class=SpellE\u003eDtyat\u003c/span\u003e\r\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eand \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003eJinayat\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.1pt;\r\nmso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb style=\u0027mso-bidi-font-weight:\r\nnormal\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eCONCLUSION\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003eThe\r\nabove study of Islamic legislation, in its historic perspective, makes it clear\r\nthat\u003cspan class=GramE\u003e:---\u003c/span\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e(\u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e) In all Muslim Countries except \u003cst1:country-region\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003eSaudi Arabia\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e and to same extent \u003cst1:place\r\nw:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eIndonesia\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e,\r\nthere has been codification and state Legislation of Islamic law;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e(ii)\r\nThe Courts have enforced the Islamic law, so codified and legislated;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e(iii)\r\nAll the Countries, except \u003cst1:place w:st=\"on\"\u003e\u003cst1:country-region w:st=\"on\"\u003eSudan\u003c/st1:country-region\u003e\u003c/st1:place\u003e,\r\nhave appointed Commission, as a step towards state legislation of Islamic Laws;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.2pt\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(iv) The Commissions, so\r\nappointed, did not strictly adhere to the dictates of only school of \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003efigh\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\r\nstyle=\u0027letter-spacing:.3pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\u0027\u003e, \u003c/span\u003ebut took\r\nadvantage of the views of other schools where certain provisions of law,\r\naccording to the Commission, was more suitable to the changed social conditions\r\nof the society.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e(v) Lastly, it is also evident\r\nfrom the above survey that matters falling within the domain of Muslim Personal\r\nlaw occupy dominant position almost in every Muslim country and the larger\r\nissues in the areas of socio-economic and constitutional supremacy of \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eShari\u0027ah\u003c/span\u003e does not seem to attract these countries. With the\r\nresult, that the fields of Constitutional Law, Commercial Law, Industrial and \u003cspan\r\nclass=SpellE\u003eLabour\u003c/span\u003e law and International Law are almost untapped and no\r\nserious efforts for their codification and enforcement appear to have been\r\nmade.\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/div\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/body\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003c/html\u003e\r\n"