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R. Cornelius, Chief Justice\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eof Pakistan at a gathering of Army Officers at\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eG. H. Q. Rawalpindi\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eA primary task for a newly\u0026#8209;established\r\nindependent national government is that of repairing the damage done to the\r\nnational character in the years of subjection. A first requisite for this\r\npurpose is a search for the true roots of the nation\u0027s being, and following\r\nimmediately after, there must be restoration of local liberties and powers, as\r\nnearly as possible on traditional lines, so that the national character may be\r\nrebuilt, in an atmosphere of freedom, under the age\u0026#8209;old incentives and\r\ncontrols. \u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eNot all the maxims upon which British legal\r\nconcepts are based are universally true. A good many are opposed to basic\r\nconcepts in vogue for twenty centuries and more in the countries of the Middle\r\nEast, to which we in this country are, by religion and culture, most closely\r\nallied. To ensure that the maximum good to the national character is produced,\r\nit is necessary to pay full attention to \u0026quot;the eternal source of all\r\nlegality\u0026quot;, so that in a real sense \u0026quot;the law may grow out of the\r\nsociety.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe process of restoring judicial\r\nresponsibility to the people should follow immediately upon their acquisition\r\nof full political responsibility, as a first step towards rebuilding of the\r\nnational character which is, in the last analysis, the true foundation of a\r\nnation\u0027s strength and independence.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe concept of justice, and of its due\r\nprocesses, is an essential part of the concept of independence, both individual\r\nas well as national. It is a vast and profound concept, and to rise to the full\r\nvigour of independence, a people must have a true comprehension, to the point\r\nof actual assimilation, of what is the length, the breadth, the height and the\r\ndepth of the divine principle of justice which pervades the Universe, and which\r\nanimates as well as regulates their individual and collective lives. \u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe following is the full text of the Address\r\ndelivered by Mr. Justice A. R. Cornelius, Chief Justice of Pakistan, at a\r\ngathering of Military Officers at G. H. Q. Rawalpindi on 11th July 1962:\u0026#8209;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eI would like to assure you that it is with genuine\r\npleasure that I accepted the invitation to appear before this group today. To\r\nany one who has a serious matter to present or expound, it is always a\r\nsatisfaction to know that he is doing it before persons who are taking a real\r\nand responsible interest in what he is saying. I do not mean that any of you is\r\nin any way responsible to me in my office. The responsibility I speak of is the\r\nwide general responsibility of the citizenry of a country the maintenance of\r\nwhose integrity and existence is the source of constant and pressing activity.\r\nThe recent history of Pakistan shows that among the responsible sections of the\r\ncommunity in Pakistan, the Armed Forces are entitled to a very distinguished\r\nposition.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe subject which I have chosen for this\r\naddress is one belonging to the large field of political responsibility or\r\npolitical obligation within an independent country, in aspects which are of\r\ndirect interest to members of the Armed Forces. The Forces have their own\r\nsystem of domestic justice under Courts Martial. The system is operated with\r\nfull formality whenever possible, that is to say everywhere outside the field\r\nof actual operations, and is highly regarded in all legal circles as a mode of\r\nsecuring right and proper justice according to the requirements of the\r\noccasion. By \u0026quot;occasion\u0026quot; I do not mean only the particular offence.\r\naccording to the formulated defini?tion. I take it to include also the\r\nsurrounding circumstances, such as the welfare of the unit concerned, as well\r\nas the Armed Forces generally. If therefore, I invite you to apply your minds\r\nto the matter, as one of national concern, I do so in the confident belief that\r\nall of you already possess a fairly clear idea of the requirements of justice\r\nin a limited sphere.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch2 align=center style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eFUNCTION\r\nOF JUSTICE IN ITS PROPER PLACE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eI am proposing to speak of the importance to\r\nthe national character of leaving the function of justice in its right and\r\nproper place. It has a strong bearing upon the capacity of a nation to stand\r\nindependently on its own feet against all the perils of its international\r\nsituation. Every human being is born with a well\u0026#8209;developed sense of what\r\nis right and what is wrong. Unless blinded by personal considerations, hardly a\r\nman is found to be incapable of giving a clear opinion as to what is the requirement\r\nof justice in a particular case. In the ancient communities, the judicial\r\nfunction was always reserved to the community, that is to the heads of the\r\nvarious sections into which the community was divided. Through the ages, there\r\nhad developed a sense of due process in these matters, namely, that a chance\r\nshould be given to the person alleged to be in the wrong to explain his\r\nposition, apart from which there were settled notions of the methods by which\r\nrights and the consequent liabilities were to be ascertained, and what was to\r\nbe deemed to be a wrong. Different communities had also fairly clear ideas of\r\nthe appropriate modes of correction in each case, supported by communal and\r\nreligious sanctions.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eEQUALITARIAN SYSTEM OF ISLAM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIt is in this respect that a firm foundation in\r\none\u0027s religion and the principles which it inculcates is of the utmost\r\nimportance to the establishment of uniform standards of justice among people.\r\nWhere the religion preaches and practices equality, this is all the more\r\nprominent, and it is only when abuses have developed through use of power and\r\nother forms of tyranny that the population is faced with the calamity of having\r\nto accept any degree of inequality in rights. To take a small example, in the\r\nperiod of British rule down to very recent times, the Codes of Criminal Justice\r\ncarried provisions which gave unequal privileges to European British subjects\r\nas against the people of the country. Those privileges were laid upon the law\r\nfrom the very earliest days of British rule, and were a source of constant\r\nirritation until they were finally removed some 35 years ago. The State\r\nreligion of Pakistan, namely, Islam is strictly equalitarian, and provides a\r\nfully developed system of laws and procedures. Both the first as well as the\r\npresent Constitution provide in detail for the assertion of equality over the\r\nwhole range of State activity. There are people in all sections of the\r\ncommunity in Pakistan, who wonder why there is so much outcry for introduction\r\nand application of Islamic principles in all the laws in force. They criticise\r\nthe outry on two main grounds, viz. firstly, that since the laws left behind by\r\nthe British have been in existence for a great many years, and have by\r\nlegislative processes been largely moulded to suit the require?ments of the\r\npeople, it will be dangerous to interfere with them, and secondly, they say\r\nthat the British system of justice is applauded all over the world as one of\r\nthe best and is by now well understood by the people. They therefore ask\u0026#8209;why\r\nmake a change?\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eSYSTEM OF LAW TO SUIT WITH\r\nSENTIMENT OF PEOPLE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThese are superficial answers to the problem at\r\nthe best. They often come from persons who are beneficiaries of the system,\r\nnamely, the Judge and lawyers who can be relied upon to make something of a\r\nfight to maintain their livelihood. The mere fact that cases are decided does\r\nnot necessarily mean, that the system followed is fully adapted to the\r\nunderstanding and sentiment of the people. We all know of civil cases where\r\nafter getting a decision from the final Court, the parties have to go home and\r\nmake \u0027a compromise so as to produce a practical result more in consonance with\r\nwhat they know to be the natural justice of the matter. As for criminal cases\r\nit is probably correct to say that under the present system every decision has\r\nthe quality of breeding more cases of the same kind. The Courts now rely upon\r\nevidence given in open Court under an oath whose value is precisely nil, and\r\nthey follow a strict technique of exclusion of evidence, some of which would be\r\nmost valuable for the ascertainment of the truth. The result is that cases in\r\nwhich guilty persons are acquitted probably form the majority. On the other\r\nhand, there are a number of cases in which innocent persons are convicted on\r\nthe basis of oral evidence and even suffer death. In both these eventualities,\r\nthe seeds of revenge have been well sown.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eREMARKABLE FEATURE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eOne feature of our country, under the British\r\nsystem of justice, which I always found to be remarkable was that the\r\nconviction of an innocent person, even when the fact of innocence was\r\nestablished was generally accepted so quietly by the public. Quite frequently\r\nin England, discoveries of this kind are made and usually create a public\r\nsensation. A more familiar feature is, of course, the general attitude towards\r\nthe acquittal of persons who, to all appearances, were guilty of the most\r\nviolent crimes. Presumably, this is tolerated on the theory, underlying the\r\nBritish system, that the benefit of all presumptions should go to an accused\r\nperson and the whole burden of proof by evidence, which is received under\r\nhighly technical rules, is upon the prosecution. Cases are common enough where,\r\n10 or 15 persons have jointly slaughtered 3 or 4 of their enemies, and carried their\r\nheads in triumph aloft on spears through the village. Ore supposes that when\r\nthey are acquitted, as they often are, the village lives in a sate of terror\r\nfrom these persons when they return and the whole balance of life is upset once\r\nagain, as it was when the murder took place and during the ensuing Police\r\ninvestiga?tion. By the inscrutable workings of the judicial system, a situation\r\nhas been created, to which under the necessities of life the people have to\r\nadapt themselves and, at the cost of a part of their true character, they do\r\nso. Unfortunately, what is damaged in this process is that part of their\r\ncharacter, which is the distinguishing feature of the strong and noble human\r\nbeing. Belief in truth diminishes. Denial of the strength of evil becomes\r\nimpossible. So also when an innocent person has been hanged \u0026#8209;on the basis\r\nof evidence which the village knows to be false, I imagine that the relatives\r\naccept it as a stroke of fate and the rest of the village, as an incident of\r\nthe judicial system from which at least one party has gained some advantage.\r\nBut in this case as well, there is definitely a diminution in the public\r\ncharacter in those respects which make for strength and stability.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch2 align=center style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eBRITISH\r\nLEGACY\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eOne is tempted to ask\u0026#8209;would not such\r\nresults be avoided, if the function of doing justice were placed in the hands\r\nof the people themselves? How far can justice be allowed to travel away from\r\nthe truth? Can such a state of affairs be allowed to continue indefinitely,\r\nwithout basically endangering the body politics? How does it happen that this\r\ncondition has been developed in so many countries? It derives from the system\r\nand cannot be attributed solely to the character of the people. For there are\r\nno men on earth, who if involved in a Court case, would not use all means in\r\ntheir power to manipulate it to their advantage.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe development is a matter of history. It is\r\nclearly an artificial condition, and it is worthwhile enquiring how it came\r\ninto existence. Our legal system is a legacy left behind by the British. The\r\nBritish system of law first began to take shape under the Normans who conquered\r\nEngland in the year 1066. They found a local system of justice operated by\r\ncommunal and local courts, as well as by certain \u0026quot;franchise\u0026quot; courts,\r\nnamely, the courts of landowners who had judicial powers by right of possession\r\nof certain land. The communal courts are still referred to in the books of\r\nEnglish legal history as the \u0026quot;national courts\u0026quot;. Much study has gone\r\ninto the subject of how step by step the Normans and in particular, their great\r\nKing, namely, Henry\u0026#8209;II (1154\u0026#8209;1189) introduced a series of\r\nvariations by which all jurisdictions were finally brought under the control of\r\nthe King\u0027s Court. It is true that previously there was great diversity in the\r\nlaws that were being applied. There were also abuses, so that the action of\r\nNorman kings could be applauded for bringing uniformity to the processes of\r\njustice. Moreover, the pre\u0026#8209;Norman methods of settling disputes were\r\nmostly primitive. There was trial by battle as a test of the rightness of a\r\nman\u0027s cause, and this was also tested by ordeal namely, such as by being thrown\r\ninto water or putting one\u0027s hand into live coals, etc. Another primitive method\r\nwas by \u0026quot;compurga?tion\u0026quot;, a relic of which lingers on even in our Courts.\r\nUnder compurgation, a litigant was required to support his case by the oaths of\r\na number of respectable persons usually his kinsmen, swearing that his case was\r\ntrue. The test of truth was that the witness was word\u0026#8209;perfect. In our\r\nCourts too, each party produces a number of relatives as witnesses, and the\r\neffort to be word\u0026#8209;perfect is only too plain, but unhappily, for them,\r\nsuch witnesses are usually ignored.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eHowever, to go back to British legal history,\r\nit is clear that the Norman kings and particularly Henry\u0026#8209;II, attracted\r\nthe people to the Royal Courts by a system of justice which excluded battle,\r\nthe ordeal and compurgation, and instead put the decision upon evidence, and\r\nthe opinion of a jury of their fellow\u0026#8209;citizens. They had other and more\r\nsubtle methods as well. For instance, the king with the aid of the ablest\r\nlawyers in the kingdom invented forms of writ which had the effect of\r\nwithdrawing cases from the jurisdiction of all the local Courts. Thus for\r\ninstance, in a criminal case, the lawy: rs invented a form of words amounting\r\nto this that the offence constituted an infraction of the King\u0027s peace, and\r\nwhether this was truthfully said or not, the case at once came before the\r\nKing\u0027s Court. Another device of this kind was utilized in civil cases. In the\r\nplaint, a clause would be inserted to the effect that the Lord who had\r\njurisdiction had remitted the case to the King\u0027s Court, and whether this was\r\ntrue or not, it was sufficient to give the King\u0027s Court jurisdiction to the\r\nexclusion of the local Courts. A precept could be issued to the local Court to\r\nreport a case to the King\u0027s Court, and this effectively withdrew the case from\r\nthe local Court. Great increase of work? and of legal revenue to the King and\r\nthe lawyers of his Court\u0026#8209;resulted and so a further reform was introduced.\r\nThe King established the system of itinerant justices. You can see at once how\r\nthe new law began to feed its own creators. The King gained revenue, but more\r\nimportant still, he gained a direct control over the people, in their everyday\r\nlives, brushing aside all intermediate feudal and communal authority and\r\njurisdiction. The best lawyers of the period remained in the vicinity of the\r\nKing\u0027s Court and all the additional work which their formulae effectively\r\nbrought to the King\u0027s Court was for them meat and drink in one form or another.\r\nProfes?sional judges became the fount of justice, and the dispensation of\r\njustice in communal form came to an end. The presence of a jury was, of course,\r\na safeguard against arbitrary justice, in the interests of statecraft. But that\r\nwas only a small part of the matter, in the view\u0026#8209;point of the total\r\nassumption of the function of justice by an establishment of professional\r\njudge, aided by professional lawyers, operating a highly formalized system in a\r\nforeign language (first Latin and later Norman French) among a subject people.\r\nThe birth of the system, moreover, lay in a deliberate plan to withdraw the\r\nagencies of justice from the people, and to replace them by instruments of\r\nRoyal creation.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eFORMALISM OF BRITISH SYSTEM\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe further development of the English legal\r\nsystem is a long process to which I need not refer here, beyond saying that as\r\ntime has gone on, it has not become any simpler, nor has the subject been\r\nafforded any relief against continuous intensification of formalism in all laws\r\nand procedures. It is a matter of history that by about 1200 A. D. in about a\r\ncentury and a half the plan behind the laws and administrative orders of King\r\nHenry\u0026#8209;II had been fully achieved. A direct result was that, except where\r\nthe Royal interest was specially concerned, the courts begin to treat of cases\r\nin a narrow fashion, that is, as if nothing mattered except that the\r\nrequirements of the definition of an offence should be satisfied, and that the\r\npunishment should be fully punitive, retributive and deterrent. That is a\r\ncondition which is present today, and my concern is to argue that while it may\r\n\u0027fully meet the demands of a foreign ruler, the outlook is not sufficiently\r\nbroad or beneficial in an independent community.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eESSENTIALS v. TECHNICALITIES\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eWhat I mean is this. Every case before a Court\r\nis founded on a dis?turbance in the harmony of the communal life, through\r\naction of a nature which failed to take into account the rights and\r\nresponsibilities as well of the actor as of the person affected adversely bar\r\nthe action. This is true equally of those matters which are civil wrongs and of\r\nthose which are counted as crimes. It is of course possible that the degree of\r\nviolence attending a particular crime in a community may be so great that the\r\nfull strength of the community may not be able to cope with it, and the support\r\nof the State or of some larger unit in the society would be needed to contain\r\nthe violence of the explosion and to set the matter once again to rights. It is\r\npossible also that a civil dispute may involve interests or questions\r\naltogether too large or too intricate for a local Court to cope with. But if\r\nyou take it from the communal point of view, the main business is to set things\r\nto rights so that life within the community can go on peacefully and harmoni?ously\r\nas before. It is in this sense that one understands the frequent punishment of\r\noutlawry which primitive communities used to impose upon incorrigible persons.\r\nThey were placed outside the pale of the law, for incurable non\u0026#8209;conformity.\r\nShort of this, the idea was always to retain the offender within the community\r\nafter suitable correction. The communal Court would incline to regard\r\nessentials and ignore technicalities, in as?certaining the fault. Restoration\r\nof local peace, reformation of the delinquent\u0027s character, and relief to the\r\ninjured party would be the para?mount considerations by which their decision in\r\nthe case would be determined. If they acted soberly and justly, they would\r\navoid exaggerating the matter.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eHIGHLY TECHNICAL\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eA case of which I read in a recent issue of the\r\nLondon Times furnishes a good example of the extent to which the pursuit of\r\nlegal formalism can draw a Law Court away from essentials which would be obvious\r\nto a Communal Court of the kind I have been discussing. The case is of a\r\nmatrimonial nature, and as you know, such matters have been assigned recently\r\nin Pakistan to Communal Courts under the Family Laws Ordinance. this particular\r\ncase was before the English Divorce Court. It started in 1957, when the wife\r\nsued for divorce on the ground of cruelty, and the husband cross\u0026#8209;petitioned\r\nfor divorce on the ground that she had been cruel to him. Cruelty is a\r\nmatrimonial offence justifying dissolution, but it is narrowly defined, and so\r\nit resulted that in the 1957 cases the Courts held that neither party had\r\nestablished cruelty, and both failed. That is to say, they stayed married,\r\nthough the fact was that the wife had driven the hus?band out of the matrimonial\r\nhome, and there was no prospect of reconcilia?tion. The situation was plainly\r\nimpossible. Another effort to get free was inevit?able. In 1961 the husband\r\nsued again for divorce on the ground of desertion namely, that his wife had\r\nturned him out of the matrimonial home. There?upon the wife counter\u0026#8209;petitioned\r\nfor divorce on the ground that he had deserted her, pleading that her own\r\nconduct was justified by his prior misconduct. In the English Law, that amounts\r\nto constructive desertion, and you can easily see as what a wide field is\r\nthereby opened out for the aggressive spouse to manipulate the weaker partner\r\ninto a matrimonial offence. It is merely a matter of evidence. The case\r\nreported in Times was however on a very highly technical point, namely, whether\r\nin attempting to establish constructive desertion, the wife could rely on acts\r\nof cruelty which had taken place before she filed her suit in 1957. The Judge\r\ndecided the point by applying the well\u0026#8209;known principle of constructive\r\nres judicata, holding that because she could have pleaded the particular acts\r\nin the previous case, and had not done so, she was estopped or prevented from\r\npleading them in the later case. The main case has yet to be decided. The costs\r\nto the parties of this interim order would be several hundred of pounds, and as\r\nit is appealable, further income to the lawyers, and the Court is 1n prospect.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eHow, anyone would say that the institution of\r\nmarriage which is basic to community life is one to be safeguarded to the\r\nutmost extent of reason. But when the fact is established that the spouses\r\ncannot live together as husband and wife, the solution lies in allowing a\r\nseparation under conditions which are consistent with the general interest of\r\nthe community. Care should be taken that there is the minimum damage to the\r\npersonal character of the spouses, that the children are looked after and that\r\nthe finances of the couple should not be depleted in the process. The question\r\nof the impos?sibility of their living together as spouses is capable of being\r\nresolved without any great expenditure. The Scriptures indicate the minimum\r\nrequirements fairly clearly. English jurisdiction in the case I have cited does\r\nnot appear to take any of these considerations into account. It was clear\r\nenough that the spouses could not possibly hit it off as a married couple. if\r\nthe matter were before a Communal Court, I feel no doubt that that con?clusion\r\nwould have been reached at an early stage and dissolution would have been\r\nawarded without the great outpouring of money into the pockets of lawyers and\r\non court\u0026#8209;fees and other expenses, that has been clearly incurred in the\r\ncase. Justice has been exercised in such a way that the real purposes, namely,\r\nthe welfare of the community, the good of the family, and other considerations\r\nsuch as I have mentioned all go by the board. A detached Judge and\r\ndisinterested lawyers are operating a technical and elaborate system which\r\nexposes the matrimonial vagaries of the couple to the maximum extent, and\r\nreduces the matrimonial store rapidly to the point of exhaustion. Only the\r\nCourt and the lawyers flourish as a result.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003ePROCESS OF TRANSFERENCE IN INDIA\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eUnder the personal law prevalent in Pakistan\r\nand the new Family Laws Statute, an abuse of this kind is probably not\r\npossible. But family laws are only a small part of the laws under which we\r\nlive. The greater part of these laws is operated by the ordinary Courts of\r\nBritish creation. I should like to trace for you quite briefly the methods by\r\nwhich the function of justice was taken away from the people after the advent\r\no\u0027 British rule, and was transferred to the rulers. In India also at the time\r\nwhen the British came, there was the same diversity among the indigenous Courts\r\nas to the laws they applied. There were communal Courts in the villages which\r\nhad full powers, and it appears that these extended even to cases of a capital\r\nnature, except that in such cases, the sentence had to be referred to the ruler\r\nfor confirmation. The Hindu rulers are said to have maintained a gradation of\r\nCourts, though as in Britain in pre\u0026#8209;Norman times, there was no regular\r\nsystem of appeals. Under the Mughals also, there were graded Courts of the same\r\nkind, and they had also a landowner\u0027s jurisdiction similar to that of the\r\nlord\u0027s Court in Britain. Under this system, the Zamindar of a locality would\r\nhave certain criminal and civil jurisdiction over his territory, subject to\r\nconfirmation of the higher punish?ments by the suzerain. When the company\r\nacquired the Zamindari of a certain number of villages around their first\r\nsettlement at Howrah, their English factors undertook the judicial duties of\r\nthe Zamindari with one difference namely, that capital cases were referred to\r\nthe Governor\u0026#8209;in-?Council at the main settlement for their confirmation,\r\nand not to the Nawabs at Murshidabad. Over their own people of course they\r\nexercised exclusive jurisdiction, that is to say, to the exclusion of the\r\nnative Courts, and as their power increased, and their employees who were also\r\nadminis?trators spread over the country, conditions developed in which while\r\nthe English subject could sue a native in any local Court, no English person\r\ncould be sued except at the cost of great delay, inconvenience and expense, at\r\nCalcutta. In the course of tune some of these inequalities were erased, and\r\nnotable efforts were made, in Madras, and Bombay, in particular, to create\r\nborough Courts after the pattern then in vogue in England. At first, a few\r\nIndians were appointed to these Courts, and were described as \u0026quot;black\r\nJustices\u0026quot;, but later, all appointments were reserved for Europeans and as\r\nthe power of the East India Company spread over the country, a thorough\u0026#8209;going\r\njudicial administration was evolved. By a Parliamentary Act of 1761, all posts\r\nof Assistant Magistrate, District Magistrate and District and Sessions Judge\r\nwere reserved for the Indian Civil Service, which was exclusively British. It\r\nshould be said to the credit of these officers that many of them did not\r\nhesitate to record their view that this reservation was unsatisfactory, as they\r\nthemselves understood very little of the needs, customs and laws of the\r\nIndians, and on the other hand there were plenty of nationals who were capable\r\nof performing this work. It was not until half a century had passed that\r\nIndians began to be employed in fairly large number to deal with the least\r\nimportant civil and criminal cases. As we all know, it was only in the last 25\r\nyears of British rule that there was any considerable change in the condition\r\nthat the principal Magistrate and the principal Judge of a district were always\r\nBritish and in the High Courts, the Indian Judges were always in a minority. I\r\npoint this out in order to show the importance that was attached by the new\r\nrulers from the very `commencement of their rule to gaining direct control over\r\nthe judicial system, and to making laws which would result in the withdrawal of\r\nall jurisdiction from the local communal Courts.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch2 align=center style=\u0027margin-right:0in;text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eVALUABLE\r\nWORK OF BRITISH LAW COMMISSIONS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThat is not to say that the communal Courts\r\nwere at all well\u0026#8209;organised when the British came. They probably worked in\r\nhighly irregular fashion and with no great conception of the laws which they\r\nadministered. It was indeed a major work of great value which the British\r\nundertook when they codified the various laws of the country. There were in fact\r\nfour Law Commissions appointed, with purely British personnel between 1834 and\r\n1879. The bulk of the statute book is made up of laws carefully formulated by\r\nthese successive Commissions. Nor is it possible to minimise the value of the\r\nwork done by the Magistrates and Judges of the British period, who worked in\r\ncompliance with the law. They did great work in establishing a complete system\r\nof Courts and judiciary, and furnishing an example to the people, over about\r\n200 years of how such a system can be run.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoBodyText style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eF.C.R. : LAW\r\nSHOULD BE A PROJECTION OF THE COMMON PERSONALITY\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eBut the other aspect remained, namely, that\r\nthey were operating a system of justice which was imposed upon the people and\r\ndid not derive from the life of the people themselves. To lend point to this\r\naspect, I refer to the receipt increase of interest in one of the indigenous\r\nsystems of justice, namely, the Jirga system. I would like to read to you a\r\nshort passage from Sir Olaf Caroe\u0027s book entitled \u0026quot;The Pathans\u0026quot; on\r\nthe subject of trial by Jirga under the Frontier Crimes Regulation, which was\r\nenacted by the British in 1872. The intention was, as Sir Olaf Caroe says, to\r\nintroduce customary methods into the settlement of \u0026quot;quarrels arising out\r\nof the blood\u0026#8209;feud, of disputes about women, and questions generally\r\naffecting Pathan honour\u0026quot;. A group of elders acceptable to both parties was\r\ndesignated by the executive Magistrate, as the Jirga and this group was charged\r\nwith the duty of giving a finding as to the guilt or innocence of the accused in\r\na criminal case, or on the points at issue in a civil dispute. The Jirga was\r\nnot bound by the strict law of evidence. It was expected to visit the scene of\r\nthe crime or dispute and by its own methods of enquiry to ascertain the facts\r\nand to furnish a solution. Professional lawyers were excluded. This system was\r\nused, in its best days, for cases which the executive authorities thought to be\r\nsuch that if the technicalities of the ordinary law of evidence and procedure\r\nwere applied, it was unlikely that the facts of the case would be properly\r\nascertained. Sir Olaf Caroe was of the view that in trials by Jirga the chance\r\nof a person who is innocent being convicted was \u0026quot;so rare as to be\r\nnegligible\u0026quot;. He was obliged to admit that later the reference to Jirga\r\nbegan to be used as \u0026quot;merely an easy means of punishing crime as from the\r\nState, without being a recognition of the Pathan idea\u0026quot;. This was in the\r\nold North\u0026#8209;West Frontier Province, and I might say that the strength of\r\nthe opposition which one sees to the introduction of this system lies mainly in\r\nthis abuse, which appears to be practised with little or no attempt at\r\nconcealment. Sir Olaf Caroe points out that the same complaint is not found in\r\nBaluchistan, where the Frontier Crimes Regulation is employed as the sole procedural\r\ncode and not to procure convictions where the evidence is weak, and the\r\nordinary Courts would be bound to acquit. Sir Olaf Caroe concludes his\r\nconsideration of the Jirga system with the following observation:\u0026#8209;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e??????????? \u003c/span\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;The point to realise is this Pathan\r\ncustom requires the satisfaction of the aggrieved rather than the punishment of\r\nthe aggressor. The law as we understand it concentrates against the aggressor,\r\nand compensation for the aggrieved hardly enters the picture. The Pathan in\r\nfact treats crime as a kind of tort.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:2\u0027\u003e??????????????????????? \u003c/span\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eHow and when, and in what degree, it may become\r\ndesirable to shift the emphasis in a Pathan society from law to custom, or from\r\ncustom to law, is a matter more likely to be resolved by Pakistan than it ever\r\nwas by ourselves. It is an obvious principle that the law should in some sense\r\ngrow out of the society; it should be a projection of the common personality.\r\nThe law of one civilization cannot be applied to a society with utterly\r\ndifferent standards without the most dire results.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003cspan style=\u0027mso-tab-count:1\u0027\u003e??????????? \u003c/span\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eSir Olaf Caroe touches in this passage upon a\r\nmatter of fundamental nature affecting the dispensation of justice among\r\ncommunities at different stages of civilization. A passage from a book by A. T.\r\nCarter on the History of the English Courts furnishes a close analysis of the\r\nproblem and comes to a conclusion which is surprisingly similar to that of Sir\r\nOlaf Caroe even in point of language.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eMr. Carter says:\u0026#8209;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;One of the first problems that meet a political\r\nsociety in its early days is how to persuade the plaintiff\u0026#8209;for it cannot\r\ncompel him\u0026#8209;\u0026#8209;?to come into Court and deny himself the pleasure of\r\nprivate revenge. The next task is to put pressure on the defendant to come in .\r\n. . . It is possible that the offer of trial by battle was another way of\r\ninducing the plaintiff to come in. The defendant was forced in by distraint on\r\nhis property and outlawry. The second stage is that the plaintiff must come and\r\nget the judgment of the Court; he is then allowed to go and execute the\r\njudgment with his own hands. The Central Government is not yet sufficiently\r\norganised to execute its judgment itself. The third and last stage is when the\r\nState is strong enough not only to hear the complaint, and give judgment, but to\r\ninsist on executing its judgment. When this happens, then over a considerable\r\nfield the conception of Crime and Punishment supersedes that of \u0027Tort and\r\nCompensation.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eA crime, you should know, is an offence against\r\nthe State, and punishment is imposed by the State. A tort is a private wrong,\r\nand the relief is by way of compensation.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe essence of the problem is very clearly put\r\nin the last sentence. To a community, a wrong by one of its members of a nature\r\nwhich disturbs its peace would always appear in a limited light, namely, in\r\nthose lights which derive from considerations of the common welfare of the\r\ncommunity. They would not be inclined to exaggerate the offence, but always to\r\nminimise it and keep it at a proper level. Thus for instance, any breach o: the\r\npeace can be regarded either as a breach of the local peace or bread; of the\r\nking\u0027s peace. The community would tend to keep it at the former level, but the\r\nlaws are devised so, that the State steps in to deal with al; except the most\r\ntrivial breaches, and the matter assumes an extra\u0026#8209;communal aspect by the\r\nintervention of Police and Magistrates in many cases where such intervention\r\nmight have been avoided.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eI remember myself in my own days as a\r\nMagistrate being greatly surprised when a British Deputy Commissioner under\r\nwhom I was serving as a Sub\u0026#8209;Divisional Magistrate took strong exception\r\nto my having sanctioned a compromise between a complainant and an accused\r\nperson in a case where an arm had been broken with a single lathi blow. I had\r\nquestioned the parties and was satisfied that they wished to live at peace for\r\nthe future, so without referring the matter to the Police, I sanctioned the\r\ncompromise and acquitted the accused person. But a grievous hurt being a\r\ncognisable offence, attracted the direct interest of the Police, and I presume\r\nthat the; thought that the case rated as one of breach of the king\u0027s peace, and\r\nfell they had been ignored. That case furnishes an index of the general\r\nattitude which in the centuries of British rule had been developed by the\r\nadministration towards the people. I would myself be inclined to allow a local\r\nCourt to deal with a case of that kind. It usually takes about six hearings\r\nbefore a Magistrate in die district town, causing a great deal of disturbance\r\nto the life of the people, and much expense. A village Court would dispose of\r\nit in a day, at no expense at all. If they were men of good and strong\r\ncharacter, following in the way of religious precept and tradition, they would\r\ndevise a solution which would not be purely punitive or deterrent. It would\r\nprovide for compensation, and it would be designed to restore the pre\u0026#8209;existing\r\npeace. The need for imprisonment would arise only in cases of a serious nature,\r\nor where the miscreant was a public danger\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eJUDICIAL SYSTEM IMPOSED 13Y\r\nFOREIGN CONQUEROR\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe Martial Law regime took a first step\r\ntowards this end, by conferring judicial functions upon the Basic Democracies.\r\nIts importance does not lie only in the effect upon individual cases, such as I\r\nhave been discussing: There is a much larger aspect of the matter, on which I\r\nhave just touched, namely, the discovery and the encouragement of good and\r\nstrong character among the people, sufficient to render them capable of being\r\njudges in their community over all maters within their proper compass. It is\r\nnot a mere chance that the total seizure of judicial power is the first aim of\r\na foreign conqueror. Apart from the direct control which it provides over the\r\nlives of the subject people, it has also a most weakening influence upon the\r\ncharacter of the people generally and in particular, that of their leaders.\r\nTheir position as integrating factors within their respective communities, is\r\nreduced to that of quislings, with consequent loss of confidence on both sides,\r\nand increasing dependence for everything, including the simple function of\r\nmaintaining the peace among themselves, upon their rulers.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIt is interesting to study the historical\r\nprogress of the conquered peoples, from the loss of their political\r\nindependence to the restoration of political responsibility to them. As you are\r\naware, the present century\u0027s most remarkable feature is the rapidity with which\r\nconquered territories are being delivered over, by the conquerors, to the\r\npeople, to become independent international units. There is a pathology of the\r\nsubject countries as well as a pathology of the conquering countries, find the\r\nlabours and anxieties of the political doctors who make it their business to\r\nattend to the teething troubles of infant States, just restored to independence,\r\nare wonderful to see. Taking first the case of Britain, which lost its\r\nindependence to the Normans in 1066, we find the conquerors gaining complete\r\ncontrol over the judicial system by 1200 A. D., after just about a century and\r\na half. The first Parliament of England, was not summoned until 1265, just two\r\ncenturies after the conquest, and thereafter, the rule of England passed into\r\nthe hands of an indigenous dynasty, the Norman conquerors having become\r\nabsorbed in the nation. By this time, also, the process by which judicial\r\nresponsibility was partly restored to the people by the general application of\r\nthe Jury system, was well under way. The jury are representative of the people,\r\nand to them is entrusted the duty of deciding on facts. That system is still in\r\noperation in England, but at the same time, justice has not become a\r\nresponsibility of the people, for it has become heavily encrusted with the\r\nminutise of law. It is firmly under the control on the legal side of\r\nprofessional lawyers, from among whom all the Magistrates and Judges are\r\nchosen.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eBASIC DEMOCRACIES\u0026#8209;ATTEMPT\r\nAT ASSOCIATING PEOPLE WITH\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal align=center style=\u0027text-align:center\u0027\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIn India, loss of political responsibility\r\ncommenced in 1765 and continued by stages until by 1850 the whole country had\r\nbeen brought under the rule of the East India Company, which was assumed by the\r\nCrown shortly after. Side by side, the new rulers took over complete judicial\r\nresponsibility, not by stages as in England, but immediately. It was not until\r\nthe Reforms of 1919 that the first really representative Parlia?ments were\r\nsummoned under British rule, just about a century and a half after its true\r\ncommencement, and it took another 28 years before complete political\r\nresponsibility was restored to the people. But the jury system was never whole\u0026#8209;heartedly\r\nattempted in India, and such trial as it received, under unfavourable\r\nconditions, only resulted in its discredit. The result is that in Pakistan\r\ntoday, the agencies of justice are wholly in the hands of lawyers and official\r\nJudges and Magistrates. The people are as yet not associated with the\r\nadministration of justice, except to the extent recently introduced under the\r\nsystem of Basic Democracies.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eNEW INDEPENDENCE AND FOREIGN\r\nMODES\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe subject will probably be studied in due\r\ncourse, in relation to the large category of newly\u0026#8209;liberated countries,\r\nas an aspect of political reconstruction. For everywhere, the discovery is\r\nbeing made that independence, even under the safeguards of mutual security\r\namong the nations, cannot be sustained on a mere paper Constitution. The\r\nmachinery of popular representation, the technique of law\u0026#8209;making, all the\r\nfamiliar activities of politicians have come to be understood as mere motions\r\nin a foreign mode. The more vigorously they are pursued, the nearer the infant\r\nState is brought to the point of dissolution. There is a need for intensely\r\ncareful examination of the causes of this disease. One of its features is that\r\nit appears most strongly among vigorous peoples who have a strong faith in\r\ntheir own traditional institutions. Their natural tendency to exploit every\r\nfreedom to the maximum imposes an immediate strain upon the system by which\r\ntheir lives are governed.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eDEMAND FOR RESTORATION OF ISLAMIC\r\nINSTITUTIONS\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIt is also among such a people that you will find\r\nthe strongest demand for restoration of their original institutions. There is\r\nnothing superficial about this desire. It is nothing more or less than a\r\ngrouping for the true roots of their being, as individuals and as a nation.\r\nTheir years of subjection are but a small part of their history. Foreign rule\r\nmay have brought in new mechanisms. But the attempt to cut the people away from\r\ntheir roots has been proved through many centuries of conquest\u0026#8209;now\r\nhappily ended, one may hope\u0026#8209;to be vain. Alien controls, exercised by\r\nforeign hands, and the usual incidents of foreign rule, which derives its\r\nstrength from the growing weakness of the people, saps the national character,\r\nbut where that is strong, it can never be wholly destroyed, or even radically\r\nchanged. It is in this sense that the demand often heard in Pakistan, for\r\nrestoration of traditional Islamic institutions should be understood. It is the\r\nnatural cry of a strong organism to be connected once again with its original\r\nand proper roots. The matter lies in the field of political therapeutics.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoBodyText style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003ePRIMARY TASK FOR\r\nNEWLY\u0026#8209;ESTABLISHED INDEPENDENT GOVERNMENT\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe restoration of a people to their original\r\nroots is no light task. In the circumstances we have been considering, it is made\r\nno easier by its falling, always with some degree of suddenness, upon national\r\nleaders whose position the foreign rulers have done their best to undermine.\r\nThe people are usually divided among themselves, uncertain which lights to\r\nfollow, an easy prey to false guidance from within and without. But these very\r\ndifficulties eventually point the way to the true solution. They must be\r\nrebuilt on a basis which, as a Part of their being, they accept as the true\r\nfoundation of their existence as a nation. The point is put very clearly by a\r\nnotable French woman writer, Simone Weil, in a book entitled The Need for\r\nRoots, written during the years 1940\u0026#8209;45 when France lay under German\r\noccupation. The theme of the book is the re\u0026#8209;integration of the French\r\npeople, with the object of offering united resistance to the conquerors. This\r\nis what she has to say\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u0026quot;Seeing that we have, in fact, recently\r\nexperienced a break in historical continuity, constitutional legality can no\r\nlonger be regarded as having an historical basis; it must be made to derive\r\nfrom the eternal source of all legality. The men who offer their service to the\r\ncountry to govern it will have to publicly recognise certain obligations\r\ncorresponding to essential aspirations of the people eternally inscribed in the\r\ndepths of popular feeling; the people must have confidence in the word and in\r\nthe capacity of these men, and be provided with means of expressing the fact;\r\nthey must also be made to feel that, in accepting these men, they give an\r\nundertaking to obey them.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe overtones in this passage are outside the\r\nsubject of this talk. My purpose is to point out that a primary task for a\r\nnewly\u0026#8209;established independent National Government is that of repairing\r\nthe damage done to the national character in the years of subjection. A first\r\nrequisite for this purpose is a search for the true roots of the nation\u0027s\r\nbeing, and following immediately after, there must be restoration of local\r\nliberties and powers, as nearly as possible on traditional lines, so that the\r\nnational character may be rebuilt, in an atmosphere of freedom, under the age\u0026#8209;old\r\nincentives and controls.\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003ch1 style=\u0027margin-right:0in\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\u003eRESTORATION OF JUDICIAL\r\nRESPONSIBILITY TO PEOPLE\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/h1\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eThe most important of these powers, in my\r\nopinion, is the judicial power. A community which is capable of exercising\r\njudicial responsibility within its compass, is a community of persons, who have\r\ntrust and confidence in their own Judges, and these Judges are men with\r\nunderstanding and honesty, deeply imbued with the thought of community welfare,\r\nwho have the strength of mind and character to reach and pronounce decisions on\r\npoints of dispute, however unpalatable they may be to a section of the\r\ncommunity or even to themselves. There you have all the ingredients of\r\nintegration of the community, at local level. It is necessary only to re\u0026#8209;devise\r\nfor them the basic principles and procedures of the laws they administer. This\r\nis a matter of fundamental importance. Not all the maxims upon which British\r\nlegal concepts are based are universally true. A good many are opposed to basic\r\nconcepts in vogue for twenty centuries and more in the countries of the Middle\r\nEast, to which we in this country are, by religion and culture, most closely\r\nallied. To ensure that the maximum good to the national character is produced,\r\nit is necessary to pay full attention to \u0026quot;the eternal source of all\r\nlegality\u0026quot;, so that in a real sense \u0026quot;the law may grow out of the\r\nsociety.\u0026quot;\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003e\u003c![if !supportEmptyParas]\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c![endif]\u003e\u003co:p\u003e\u003c/o:p\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\r\n\r\n\u003cp class=MsoNormal style=\u0027text-align:justify\u0027\u003e\u003cspan lang=EN-GB\r\nstyle=\u0027mso-ansi-language:EN-GB\u0027\u003eIt is my belief that the process of restoring\r\njudicial responsibility to the people should follow immediately upon their acquisition\r\nof full political responsibility, as a first step towards rebuilding of the\r\nnational character which is, in the last analysis, the true foundation of a\r\nnation\u0027s strength and independence. Considerations of difficulties in making\r\nthe change, or of the people being used to certain foreign techniques which\r\nhave proved successful elsewhere are merely symptomatic of the inertia which\r\nafflicts human affairs. Being myself a creature of the judicial system set up\r\nby the late rulers, I nevertheless feel that, while upholding the standard of\r\njustice as a principle, it is right that I too should attempt to see our system\r\nof justice in the light of the true necessities of the nation. For the concept\r\nof justice, and of its due processes, is an essential part of the concept of\r\nindependence, both individual as well as national. It is a vast and profound\r\nconcept, and to rise to the full vigour of independence, a people must have a\r\ntrue comprehension, to the point of actual assimilation, of what is the length,\r\nthe breadth, the height and the depth of the divine principle of justice which\r\npervades the Universe, and which animates as well as regulates their individual\r\nand collective lives. Mere acquaintance with its processes leads to\r\nunscrupulous exploitation by the parties, and super?-exploitation by the\r\nprofessionals. That must always happen where a system is a thing of mere\r\nintellectual apprehension, and not of integral of integral comprehension and\r\nassimilation. 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